广西典型药食同源植物开发利用价值的综合评价
吴林芳1, 高薇2, 邓丽丽3, 肖妮洁2, 梁惠4, 韦霄3, 史艳财3     
1. 广州林芳生态科技有限公司, 广东广州 510000;
2. 桂林理工大学旅游与风景园林学院, 广西桂林 541006;
3. 广西壮族自治区中国科学院广西植物研究所, 广西桂林 541006;
4. 广西师范大学生命科学学院, 广西桂林 541006
摘要: 为筛选出适合广西推广种植的典型药食同源植物品种,对51种典型药食同源植物的开发利用价值进行综合评价。实验运用层次分析法确定评价指标,建立药食同源植物综合评价模型,然后计算食用价值、药用价值、抗性及引种难易等指标的权重,按照评价标准对51种典型药食同源植物进行排序并划分等级。评价结果表明,51种典型药食同源植物分为4个等级:Ⅰ级(分值≥2.5)为最适宜推广种植的典型药食同源植物,共15种;Ⅱ级(2.3≤分值<2.5)为比较适宜推广种植的典型药食同源植物,共15种;Ⅲ级(2.0≤分值<2.3)为一般适宜推广种植的典型药食同源植物,共20种;Ⅳ级(分值<2.0)为推广种植受限的典型药食同源植物,共1种。综合考量,金银花Lonicera japonica Thunb.、金槐Sophora japonica 'Jinhuai’、八角Illicium verum Hook.f.、山银花Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.、佛手Citrus medica 'Fingered’、葛根Pueraria edulis Pampan.、罗汉果Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C.Jeffrey ex Lu et Z.Y.Zhang、当归Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels、山药Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow、山楂Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge、龙眼Dimocarpus longan Lour.、益智Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.、姜黄Curcuma longa L.、党参Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf.、杜仲Eucommia ulmoides Oliver有较高的市场价值、药食价值,容易繁殖,抗逆性强,是最适宜推广种植的典型药食同源植物。
关键词: 药食同源植物    层次分析法    综合评价    筛选    开发利用    
Comprehensive Evaluation of the Development and Utilization Value of Typical Medicinal and Edible Plants in Guangxi
WU Linfang1, GAO Wei2, DENG Lili3, XIAO Nijie2, LIANG Hui4, WEI Xiao3, SHI Yancai3     
1. Guangzhou Linfang Ecology Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, China;
2. College of Tourism & Landscape Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541006, China;
3. Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, Guangxi, 541006, China;
4. College of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541006, China
Abstract: In order to screen out the typical medicinal and edible plant species suitable for the promotion and cultivation in Guangxi, the development and utilization value of 51 typical medicinal and edible plants was comprehensively evaluated. In the experiment, the analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the evaluation index, and a comprehensive evaluation model of medicinal and edible plants was established. Then the weights of edible value, medicinal value, resistance and difficulty of seed introduction were calculated. According to the evaluation criteria, 51 typical medicinal and edible plants were sorted and graded.The evaluation results showed that 51 typical medicinal and edible plants were divided into 4 grades.Grade Ⅰ (score≥2.5) was the most suitable for the promotion of typical medicinal and edible plants, with a total of 15 species.Grade Ⅱ (2.3≤score < 2.5) was the typical medicinal and edible plants suitable for promotion and planting, with a total of 15 species.Grade Ⅲ (2.0≤score < 2.3) was the typical medicinal and edible plants that was generally suitable for promotion and cultivation, with a total of 20 species.Grade Ⅳ (score < 2.0) was the typical medicinal and edible plants which was not suitable for promotion and cultivation. Lonicerae japonicae Thunb., Sophora japonica 'Jinhuai', Illicium verum Hook.f., Lonicera hypoglauca Miq., Citrus medica 'Fingered', Pueraria edulis Pampan., Siraitia grosvenorii(Swingle) C.Jeffrey ex Lu et Z.Y.Zhang, Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels, Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow, Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, Dimocarpus longan Lour., Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., Curcuma longa L., Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., Eucommia ulmoides Oliver have high medicinal and edible value, easy reproduction, strong resistance, and are the most suitable for the promotion and cultivation of typical medicinal and edible plants.
Key words: medicinal and edible plants    analysis hierarchy process    comprehensive evaluation    screening    development and utilization    

自古以来,中国一直有“药食同源、药食同理、药食同用”的传统思想。药食同源物质,本质为可食用中药材,因兼具药食两用性,历来以食疗、食补和药膳等形式应用于医疗保健方面[1-3]。随着时代的发展,人们对自身健康日益重视,药食同源植物在日常生活和疾病预防保健中扮演着越来越重要的角色。人们越发愿意用食物替代药物,通过滋补饮食来增强抵抗力和免疫力。目前,国内对药食同源植物的研究呈上升趋势,国内药食同源研究多关注于药食同源植物的成分、药理活性研究,或是聚焦于某一种或者几种药食同源药物对某种疾病的疗效或分析其用药规律[4],在药食同源植物评价方面的相关研究较少,尤其是种质资源评价开发利用方面的研究更少[4, 5]。广西药食同源植物资源虽然丰富,但是由于药食同源植物的生长特点有很大差异,并非所有的药食同源植物都具有较高的开发利用价值而适宜大面积推广种植。因此,有必要构建一个完整的评价系统对药食同源植物进行综合评价,筛选优先在广西推广种植的、开发利用价值高的植物。基于以上考虑,本研究运用层次分析法对广西51种典型药食同源植物的开发利用价值进行综合评价,以期为广西典型药食同源植物的推广种植提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 评价对象

评价对象来源于两个方面:一是根据中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会公布的《既是食品又是药品的物品名单》(即药食同源植物名单)[6-8],选择广西分布有且被国家名录收录的药食同源植物;二是根据广西颁布的重点发展药食同源植物名录[9, 10],最终选出51种典型药食同源植物。

1.2 药食同源植物的特性分析

结合《中华人民共和国药典(2020年版一部)》[11]、《道地药材图典(中南卷)》[12]、《中国地道药材鉴别使用手册》[13]、《广西道地药材》[14]、《广西本草选编》[15]、《中国道地药材》[16]、《中药学》[17]等相关书籍对51种典型药食同源植物的药用部位、功效、道地性等进行归类。

1.3 评价方法

根据药食同源植物的生态特性,结合药食同源植物的价值和应用特点,参考相关文献研究[18-26],运用层次分析法确定评价指标,建立评价模型。

1.4 权重计算

采用1-9比率标度法,通过两两间的比较进行赋值,确定模型各层级的判断矩阵,检查一致性比率CR。若CR<0.10,说明判断矩阵满足一致性要求,否则应对判断矩阵的值进行修正,直至其满足一致性要求[20]

1.5 综合评价与分级

邀请从事药用植物栽培和高校植物教学领域的2位专家以及5名相关专业学生,依据目标植物的相关资料信息对照指标评价标准进行打分,结合各因子权重计算出植物的综合得分,对其排序并划分等级。

1.6 数据分析

利用Yaahp v6.0软件进行模型构建、权重计算和—致性检验[26],用Excel 2007进行综合评价分值的计算与统计。

2 结果与分析 2.1 综合评价模型

表 1为广西典型药食同源植物综合评价模型。由表 1可知,模型分为4个层次,包括目标层、准则层、指标层和底层。目标层(A) 是顶层,为研究对象,准则层(C)包括食用价值、药用价值、抗性、引种难易和市场价值5个部分,指标层(P)包括营养价值、食用部位数目、食用方式等17个评价指标,底层(D)是待筛选的51种典型药食同源植物。

表 1 广西典型药食同源植物综合评价模型 Table 1 Comprehensive evaluation model of medicinal and edible plants in Guangxi
目标层(A)
Target (A)
准则层(C)
Principal level (C)
指标层(P)
Factor level (P)
底层(D)
Bottom level (D)
Comprehensive evaluation model of medicinal and edible plants in Guangxi (A) Edible value (C1) Nutritional value (P1) D1, D2, …,D51
Number of edible parts (P2)
Serving method (P3)
Medicinal value (C2) Therapeutic effects of medicinal herbs (P4)
Degree of utilization (P5)
Medicinal dosage (P6)
Number of disease types treated (P7)
Number of medicinal parts (P8)
The genuineness of medicinal materials (P9)
Resistance (C3) Pest and disease resistant (P10)
Adversity resistance (P11)
Ease of introduction (C4) Reproduction difficulty (P12)
Maintenance difficulty (P13)
Growth potential (P14)
Market value (C5) Distribution degree (P15)
Market value (P16)
Market demand (P17)

2.2 各评价层的权重及总权重权值

表 2为各层次权值及总权重权值。由表 2可知,指标层的药材道地性(P9)、市场价值(P16)、药材疗效(P4)、治疗疾病种类数(P7)所占比的权重值较大,分别是0.137 7,0.115 5,0.092 2,0.089 4。

表 2 各层次权值及总权重权值 Table 2 Weight value of each level and total sort weight
准则层
Principal level
准则层权值
Principal level weight
指标层
Factor level
指标层权值
Factor level weight
总权重权值
Total sort weight
C1 0.107 0 P1 0.539 6 0.057 7
P2 0.297 0 0.031 8
P3 0.163 4 0.017 5
C2 0.475 4 P4 0.194 0 0.092 2
P5 0.112 9 0.053 7
P6 0.071 8 0.034 1
P7 0.188 1 0.089 4
P8 0.143 5 0.068 2
P9 0.289 7 0.137 7
C3 0.096 4 P10 0.571 4 0.055 1
P11 0.428 6 0.041 3
C4 0.107 0 P12 0.545 5 0.058 4
P13 0.272 7 0.029 2
P14 0.181 8 0.019 5
C5 0.214 1 P15 0.163 4 0.035 0
P16 0.539 6 0.115 5
P17 0.297 0 0.063 6

2.3 指标层评价指标的评分标准

表 3为指标层各评价指标的评分标准。按照评分标准对51种典型药食同源植物逐一评分,将总权重权值乘以分数值,再将各个数值相加,最后得出各类典型药食同源植物的综合评价得分。

表 3 指标层各评价指标的评分标准 Table 3 Scoring standard of each evaluation index in factor level
指标层
Factor level
评分标准
Scoring standard
分值=3
Score=3
分值=2
Score=2
分值=1
Score=1
P1 High nutritional value, containing a large amount of fiber, amino acids, minerals and a variety of trace elements required by the human body General nutritional value, containing small amount of fiber, amino acids, minerals and a variety of trace elements required by the human body Low nutritional value, basically only satiating effect
P2 Whole plant 3 to 4 places 1 to 2 places
P3 It can be eaten in 4 or more ways, including baking, tea, frying, grilling, and salad It can be eaten in 2 to 3 ways, including baking, tea, frying, grilling, and salad It can be eaten in 1 way, including baking, tea, frying, grilling, and salad
P4 The medicinal efficacy of the plant is very good and is often used clinically The medicinal efficacy of the plant is good, and it is often used clinically The medicinal efficacy of plants is poor and rarely used clinically
P5 Used in large quantities as medicine or for other purposes Infrequently used as medicine or for other purposes, generally utilized Rarely used for medicine, food or other purposes, low utilization
P6 Less than 5 g,which is a small dose 5-15 g,which is a general dose 15 g or more,which is a large dose
P7 Able to treat 8 conditions and more Able to treat 4 to 8 diseases Able to treat 1 to 3 diseases
P8 Whole plant 3 to 4 places 1 to 2 places
P9 The production area of genuine medicinal herbs is Guangxi and local regional specialties The authentic origin is not in Guangxi Non-genuine medicinal herbs or extremely common species
P10 Plants are basically free of pests and diseases Plants are less susceptible to pests and diseases Plants are susceptible to pests and diseases
P11 Plants with good resistance to adversity, with 4 or more of barrenness, cold tolerance, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, flood tolerance, salinity tolerance, shade tolerance, etc. Plants are generally resistant to adversity, with 2 to 3 items of tolerance to barrenness, cold, drought, heat, water, salinity and shade Plants with poor resistance to adversity, tolerance to barrenness, cold, drought, heat, water, salinity, shade, etc.accounted for one or no
P12 Plants are easy to propagate and have a high survival rate Plants are easier to propagate and have an average survival rate Plants do not reproduce easily and have a low survival rate
P13 Plants are simple to grow and extensively maintained Plants are not easy to grow and require regular manual maintenance Plant cultivation is difficult, and it requires a lot of artificial maintenance
P14 Good plant growth vigor General plant growth vigor Poor plant growth vigor
P15 Plants can be found everywhere Plants are commonly seen, but not everywhere Rare or uncommon plants
P16 High market value, more than 35 yuan per kg General market value, 15-35 yuan per kg Low market value, 0-15 yuan per kg
P17 High market demand or widespread demand General market demand, with demand in some regions Low market demand, occasional demand in some regions

2.4 51种广西典型药食同源植物综合评分及评价等级

表 4为广西典型药食同源植物综合评分及评价等级。根据综合评分结果将51种典型药食同源植物为4个等级,Ⅰ级代表优秀(分值≥2.5),Ⅱ级代表良好(2.3≤分值<2.5),Ⅲ级代表一般(2.0≤分值<2.3),Ⅳ级代表较差(分值<2.0)。Ⅰ级应用价值最高,有15种,Ⅱ级有15种,Ⅲ级有20种,Ⅳ级共1种,具体详见表 4

表 4 广西典型药食同源植物的综合评分及评价等级 Table 4 Comprehensive score table and evaluation grade of typical medicinal and edible plants in Guangxi
植物中文名
Chinese name of plants
植物拉丁名
Latin name of plant
综合评分
Comprehensive score
评价等级
Evaluation grade
金银花 Lonicera japonica Thunb. 2.713 3
金槐 Sophora japonica ‘Jinhuai’ 2.692 0
八角 Illicium verum Hook.f. 2.558 5
山银花 Lonicera hypoglauca Miq. 2.546 6
佛手 Citrus medica ‘Fingered’ 2.540 4
葛根 Pueraria edulis Pampan. 2.534 8
罗汉果 Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C.Jeffrey ex Lu et Z.Y.Zhang 2.534 4
当归 Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels 2.534 3
山药 Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow 2.526 2
山楂 Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge 2.509 4
龙眼 Dimocarpus longan Lour. 2.508 7
益智 Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. 2.505 4
姜黄 Curcuma longa L. 2.505 2
党参 Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. 2.502 5
杜仲 Eucommia ulmoides Oliver 2.500 7
草果 Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemarie 2.467 4
高良姜 Alpinia officinarum Hance 2.466 7
蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.- Mazz. 2.463 2
砂仁 Amomum villosum Lour. 2.456 6
黄精 Polygonatum sibiricum Delar.ex Redoute 2.442 6
花椒 Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. 2.441 3
桔梗 Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. 2.403 7
马齿苋 Portulaca oleracea L. 2.396 9
玉竹 Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce 2.379 0
百合 Lilium brownii var.viridulum Baker 2.374 2
决明 Senna tora (Linnaeus) Roxburgh 2.335 3
菊花 Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. 2.335 3
火麻 Cannabis sativa L. 2.323 1
铁皮石斛 Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo 2.323 1
木瓜 Pseudocydonia sinensis (Thouin) C.K.Schneid 2.308 5
酸枣 Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F.Chow. 2.286 5
栀子 Gardenia jasminoides Ellis 2.259 0
薄荷 Mentha canadensis Linnaeus 2.258 7
Morus alba L. 2.248 8
Prunus persica L. 2.237 0
Zingiber officinale Roscoe 2.218 5
刀豆 Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. 2.214 5
山柰 Kaempferia galanga L. 2.207 0
紫苏 Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. 2.205 4
银杏 Ginkgo biloba L. 2.203 9
余甘子 Phyllanthus emblica L. 2.188 0
香橼 Citrus medica L. 2.185 2
布渣叶 Microcos paniculata L. 2.184 9
肉桂 Cinnamomum cassia Presl 2.183 1
薏苡 Coix lacryma-jobi L. 2.136 5
芫荽 Coriandrum sativum L. 2.129 1
鱼腥草 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. 2.116 7
芝麻 Sesamum indicum L. 2.086 4
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 2.033 7
淡竹叶 Lophatherum gracile Brongn. 2.006 2
夏枯草 Prunella vulgaris L. 1.872 3

3 讨论

综合评价51种典型药食同源植物后将其分为4个等级,以金银花、金槐、八角为代表的15种Ⅰ级植物,成活率高、药用和食用价值高、开发价值高、生长势强,适宜大面积推广种植或大规模生产;以草果、高良姜为代表的15种Ⅱ级植物,总体表现良好,但是在药用价值、食用价值、抗性、引种繁育或开发价值中的某一方面上稍有欠缺,可进一步引种驯化或是良种繁育,培育优良品种;以酸枣、栀子为代表的20种Ⅲ级植物,各方面表现一般,应该选择性推广种植;Ⅳ级植物不具有推广种植的价值。

药食同源植物作为一种具有药用功能和食用功能的特殊品种,有着很高的应用价值,国内市场巨大。推动药食同源植物的开发,有利于地区的发展,同时可促进我国药食同源产业的可持续发展。本研究对广西典型药食同源植物进行的综合评价,仅基于文献资料和以往数据调查的结果,指导意义大于实际意义。层次分析法虽然是一种定性和定量结合、具有系统性与层次化的分析方法,既包含主观的逻辑判断和分析,又具有定量分析的特点,在一定程度上消除了由偶然因素造成的差异[25],但是对各指标进行打分时存在一定的主观性,受各因素的权重设置、评分标准等影响。因此,真正将药食同源植物推广到实际生活当中,还需要通过大量的选种、培育、养护等工作获得科学依据,减少评价认知造成的偏差。当前,我国已发现的药食同源植物资源仍处于开发阶段,需要深入研究其生长状态、药食价值等方面,并总结出一套较为合理、完整的种植技术,才能为其推广应用提供技术支持。

4 结论

本研究依据层次分析法筛选51种典型药食同源植物,依据评价结果将其划分为4个等级,并对各等级植物的利用价值进行阐述,为将来药食同源植物的推广种植提供科学的参考依据。金银花、金槐、八角、山银花、佛手、葛根、罗汉果、当归、山药、山楂、龙眼、益智、姜黄、党参、杜仲等15种Ⅰ级植物是成活率高、药用和食用价值高、适应性强、生长势强的品种,可以优先重点开发,建立药食同源生产基地,从而充分发挥广西典型药食同源植物资源优势,增加地方收入,推动经济的发展。

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