珊瑚白化监测、预警及其在珊瑚礁生态修复中的警示意义
覃宾妮1, 黄丁勇2,3, 林金兰1, 王建佳2,3, 周曦杰2,3, 郑新庆2,3     
1. 广西壮族自治区海洋研究院, 广西南宁 530022;
2. 自然资源部海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室, 福建厦门 361005;
3. 自然资源部北部湾滨海湿地生态系统野外科学观测研究站, 广西北海 536000
摘要: 珊瑚白化是全球气候变化与人类活动共同作用下的典型生态危机,对珊瑚礁生态开展监测、预警以及保护修复工作迫在眉睫。本文系统梳理了珊瑚白化的机制及驱动因素、监测与预警研究进展,总结了当前珊瑚白化监测技术的优劣势与未来协同路径,并评估了现有珊瑚白化预警模型的构建路径,提出了当前珊瑚白化预警模型在普适性及冷白化预警等方面存在的不足。同时,还进一步探讨了愈演愈烈的珊瑚白化事件在未来珊瑚礁生态修复中的警示作用,指出气候变化背景下急需开展珊瑚避难所筛选、耐热珊瑚种群选育、修复时间窗口选择以及珊瑚热适应技术探索,并强调应建立“监测-预警-响应-修复”的闭环管理体系,为全球珊瑚礁保护与恢复提供科学参考。
关键词: 珊瑚礁    珊瑚白化    监测    预警    生态修复    
Monitoring and Alert of Coral Bleaching and Its Warning Implication for Ecological Restoration of Coral Reefs
QIN Binni1, HUANG Dingyong2,3, LIN Jinlan1, WANG Jianjia2,3, ZHOU Xijie2,3, ZHENG Xinqing2,3     
1. Guangxi Academy of Oceanography, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China;
3. Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, Guangxi, 536000, China
Abstract: Coral bleaching has become a typical ecological crisis driven by the combined effects of global climate change and human activities, making monitoring, alert, and post-bleaching conservation and restoration efforts increasingly urgent.This paper systematically reviewed the driving factors of coral bleaching as well as the recent advances in monitoring and alert research and summarized the advantages and disadvantages of current coral bleaching monitoring technologies and future paths for their integration.Furthermore, it evaluated the construction approaches of existing coral bleaching alert models and pointed out their limitations in universality and in the prediction of cold-water bleaching.In addition, this study discussed the warning significance of intensifying bleaching events for future ecological restoration of coral reefs, emphasizing the urgent need, under climate change, for coral refuge identification, selective breeding of heat-tolerant coral communities, optimization of restoration time windows, and exploration of coral thermal adaptation technologies.Finally, this paper highlighted the importance of establishing a closed-loop management system covering monitoring, alert, response, and restoration to provide scientific guidance for global coral reef conservation and recovery.
Key words: coral reef    coral bleaching    monitoring    alert    ecological restoration    

珊瑚礁生态系统是全球生物多样性最为丰富的海洋生态系统之一。当遭受周围环境异常影响时,珊瑚与虫黄藻之间的共生关系破裂,导致共生藻大量流失或死亡,珊瑚骨骼裸露而呈现白色,这种现象被称为珊瑚白化[1]。近年来珊瑚礁正面临着严峻威胁,全球各地珊瑚白化事件频发,整体呈现频率增加、强度加大、影响范围扩大的趋势[2-3]。全球已先后于1998年、2010年、2014-2017年及2023年[4]暴发4次大规模珊瑚白化事件(图 1),均与气候变化驱动的海温极端升高密切相关,导致全球珊瑚礁显著衰退。第4次全球大规模珊瑚白化事件仍在持续,其严重程度已超过前3次[4-5]。可见当前全球珊瑚生存状况不容乐观,缓解珊瑚礁退化刻不容缓。珊瑚礁监测与白化预警是开展珊瑚礁保护修复的科学基础,可为管理和保护行动提供关键决策支持[6]。因此,加大珊瑚礁监测力度,构建高效珊瑚白化预警体系,为保护修复提供针对性管理策略帮助,是亟须引起关注的重要领域。

图 1 基于热压力评估的4次全球大规模珊瑚白化事件影响程度[4] Fig. 1 Impacts of four global coral bleaching events based on heat stress assessment[4]

珊瑚的生长发育受多种环境条件综合调控[7],其中海温是对珊瑚礁威胁最强、影响范围最广的因子,也是导致大规模珊瑚白化及死亡的主要驱动因素[8-9]。此外,光照、盐度、海洋酸化、营养物质、太阳辐射及海平面等区域性压力源,在不同程度上加剧珊瑚对热压力的敏感性[10-12]。同时,珊瑚白化存在显著的空间差异,这种差异往往归因于外部环境的异质性以及珊瑚物种本身的内在差异[13-15]。因此,需加强珊瑚白化的内外驱动因子的识别和量化,以便实时追踪珊瑚健康状况,为开展白化早期预警和风险评估提供数据支撑。

近年来,珊瑚监测技术不断发展,已能实现对珊瑚礁健康状况与环境变化的实时、精准捕捉,为珊瑚白化预警与应对提供及时的数据支撑和科学依据。现场监测可以获取精细的物种与群落信息,但受限于覆盖范围、调查频率和人力成本,难以满足大范围和长期监测需求[16]。随着自动化观测设备的研发升级及计算机视觉、深度学习算法的优化,现场监测效率与时空连续性显著提升[16-18]。相比之下,远程遥感技术具有长期连续性、大尺度覆盖的优势,但当前遥感分辨率仍无法满足小尺度珊瑚礁区精细化研究的需求,导致区域尺度白化风险预测精度下降[19]。基于此,本文在系统分析珊瑚白化驱动因素的基础上,梳理以监测目标为导向的珊瑚白化监测技术体系,评估现有预警系统的构建路径,进一步探讨监测与预警在生态修复中的联动机制与警示作用,以期为全球珊瑚礁保护与修复提供理论参考。

1 珊瑚白化的机制及驱动因素 1.1 珊瑚白化机制

珊瑚白化对环境胁迫的典型响应具有一定的可逆性:当环境压力及时缓解后,珊瑚可重新获取共生藻并恢复健康,但若压力过强或持续时间过长,珊瑚将因能量供应枯竭而死亡[1]。因此,阐明白化机制不仅是理解珊瑚生态响应模式的核心,也是制定保护修复措施的科学基石。

随着研究的深入,人们对白化机制的认知从宏观现象逐步向微观过程、系统层面演变。珊瑚白化机制复杂多样,现有研究普遍将其核心机制归纳为两方面:一是细胞机制,珊瑚体内发生虫黄藻原位分解、排出,含虫黄藻的内胚层细胞排出等过程,直接造成共生藻的损失[20-21];二是光抑制机制,即虫黄藻光系统Ⅱ受损后引发电子传递障碍和活性氧(ROS)过量积累,进而导致膜结构破坏与色素氧化反应,间接造成珊瑚褪色[22]。近年来,细胞学、分子生物学及微生物组学的发展,进一步推动白化机制认知向系统层面深化。有研究将白化的定义从单一的共生藻丧失现象扩展为“宿主-共生藻-微生物”全生物共生组(Holobiont)系统在环境胁迫下发生的功能性解体过程,其中涉及细胞凋亡、氧化应激、免疫失衡以及微生物群落失衡等多个机制[23-25]。同时,珊瑚白化的发生时间、强度是生物与环境因子共同调控的结果[26]。基于此,Helgoe等[11]提出了“触发-级联-终点”综合框架,该框架以外部环境因素作为触发因子,通过光抑制、氧化应激、凋亡、自噬等级联通路,最终导致共生藻丧失或功能解体等白化终点,强调“多机制并存和跨尺度耦合”是理解不同环境下白化差异的核心。

目前,对珊瑚白化机制的认识主要依赖于实验室研究与野外观测,但实验条件、设计方法的差异导致数据可比性不足[27]。为此,建立珊瑚白化实验的通用框架与标准化方法,是提升结果一致性、精准解析白化机理的关键[28-29]。另外,实验室单因子胁迫实验与自然环境中多因子协同作用的差异,也导致部分机制研究结论难以直接外推至真实海洋环境。

1.2 珊瑚白化驱动因素

珊瑚礁发育对环境条件要求严格,普遍认为:多数造礁珊瑚的适宜深度为20 m以内;适宜温度为25-29 ℃(36 ℃为耐受温度上限),适宜盐度为27-40(最适盐度36)[30-31]。另有研究通过ReefHab诊断模型量化全球珊瑚礁的环境耐受限值:年平均耐受温度21.7-29.6 ℃、盐度28.7-40.4、硝酸盐4.51 μmol·L-1、磷酸盐0.63 μmol·L-1、文石饱和状态2.82、平均最小光合有效辐照度(PAR)450 μmol photons·m-2·s-1[32]。珊瑚白化的发生是环境因子与生物过程共同作用的结果,其中海温是主导驱动因子。以下从温度驱动因素与其他白化驱动因素两方面展开论述。

1.2.1 温度驱动因素

海水异常高温是公认的大规模珊瑚白化及死亡的主导因子[9, 33]。多数珊瑚生长适宜温度为25-29 ℃,当温度超过当地常年夏季最高温度1-2 ℃时,就可能破坏其共生藻光合系统,诱发珊瑚白化。除温度绝对值外,温度波动范围[34]、温度暴露时间[35-36]、升温率[37-38]等温度变化模式也影响珊瑚的白化响应过程,导致白化存在地理差异[13]与物种差异[39-40]。例如,环礁潟湖内海温变异性低于外礁[14],礁坪和潟湖中的珊瑚相比礁坡更易受高温影响[41]。此外,经历过热压力的珊瑚再次面对热压力时,会表现出更高的耐热性[42-43]。以大堡礁为例,在连续两年海洋热浪中,第二年珊瑚白化比例明显低于前年(图 2)[44]。这种耐热性主要通过多种机制增强:一是遗传适应,通过自然选择使耐热性更强的基因在种群中的遗传频率提高,从而提高后代的抗热能力[45-46];二是群落重组,通过淘汰敏感物种而自然筛选出耐热性更强的群落结构[42];三是环境记忆,经历过热胁迫的珊瑚能在随后的高温事件中更快响应并维持稳定[47-48]。同时,这些机制也可能发生在珊瑚的共生微藻或微生物群落中[49-51]

Source: ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies. 图 2 大堡礁在2016年和2017年的珊瑚白化事件空间分布情况[44] Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of the coral bleaching events across the Great Barrier Reef in 2016 and 2017[44]

除了热白化外,近年来极端低温导致的冷白化事件也愈发频繁[52]。例如,1960-2010年期间广西涠洲岛发生5次珊瑚冷白化事件[53],2020年1月红海中部发生珊瑚冷白化事件[54]。当海温急剧降低至当地常年最低温度以下时,容易引起珊瑚冷白化[55-57]。冷白化与珊瑚组织内活性氧过量积累密切相关[58],且低温会降低珊瑚代谢速率以及修复速率[59]。当前,冷白化研究仍远少于热白化,其机制解析与预警技术亟待完善。

1.2.2 其他白化驱动因素

除温度外,珊瑚白化往往受多种环境因子与人为活动的综合驱动(表 1)。研究显示,富营养化、海洋酸化、缺氧、光照过强、海平面上升、盐度骤降、病原微生物等因素,均可增强珊瑚对白化的敏感性。例如,一项室内溶解无机氮(DIN)模拟实验结果显示,当DIN水平从0.7 μmol·L-1升高到4.5 μmol·L-1时,珊瑚对温度的白化敏感性增加[60]。在海洋酸化环境下,珊瑚对热压力的响应也因物种而异[61-62]。海洋变暖将增加缺氧的持续时间、强度和严重程度,降低珊瑚0.4-1.0 ℃的热白化阈值[63]。适度光照可为共生虫黄藻提供光能,但光照过强会加剧珊瑚共生体光合系统压力,促进活性氧积累,进而导致热白化敏感性增加[64-66];处在高温环境中的珊瑚,在250-500 μmol photons·m-2·s-1的光照强度下出现明显的光抑制反应[67];浅水区珊瑚更容易发生热白化,而深水区因光照较弱往往表现出较高的抗白化性[68]。海平面上升会改变珊瑚礁所处的水深和光照条件,当水深增加,光照强度随之减弱,虫黄藻无法获得足够的光照进行光合作用,其为珊瑚提供能量的能力随之下降,从而导致珊瑚白化[69-71]。台风及其带来的极端降雨使得局部尺度出现盐度骤降以及悬浮物或浊度增加,同时降雨带来的径流增加引起的陆源营养盐/污染物输入增加,会引起区域尺度的珊瑚白化,虽然暴雨和风暴可能带来短期降温,对高温白化有一定缓解,但整体上负效应更大[72]。此外,填海造地[73]、过度捕捞和旅游业[74]等直接破坏珊瑚栖息地以及群落结构,间接降低其环境适应力。极端温度事件下,病原微生物的感染和暴发也会加剧珊瑚的白化[75-76],例如,在高温条件下,病原菌溶珊瑚弧菌(Vibrio coralliilyticus)的Ⅱ型Ⅵ分泌系统(T6SS)被激活,导致其对珊瑚宿主以及其他共生微生物的致病能力增强,如通过分泌毒性效应蛋白侵害珊瑚细胞,从而加剧白化风险[77];通过加剧活性氧水平、分泌外毒素损伤宿主组织、触发宿主免疫反应等途径,加速白化进程[24]

表 1 珊瑚白化主要驱动因素及机制 Table 1 Driving factors and mechanisms of coral bleaching
类型
Type
驱动因素
Driving factor
珊瑚白化机制
Coral bleaching mechanism
Physical Elevated temperature High temperature damages the photosynthetic system of symbiotic algae, leading to reduced photosynthetic products and subsequent algal loss
Low temperature Lowers photosynthetic efficiency of symbiotic algae and reduces host coral metabolic rates
Excessive light intensity Excessive irradiance increases stress on the photosynthetic system and promotes Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accumulation
Chemical Eutrophication Nutrient imbalance increases bleaching susceptibility; short-term nutrient enrichment exacerbates bleaching under thermal stress, while long-term enrichment may thicken coral tissues and enhance tolerance
Ocean acidification Reduces coral skeletal formation rates and weakens stress resistance
Low dissolved oxygen Hypoxia impairs coral metabolism and compromises symbiont survival
Biological Pathogenic microbes By exacerbating ROS levels, secreting exotoxins to damage host tissues, and triggering host immune responses, the albinization process is accelerated

综上,珊瑚白化是全球气候压力、区域环境变化和人为干扰共同作用的结果,不同压力源之间可能存在协同效应[78]。然而,目前缺乏针对多因子交互作用对珊瑚白化影响的研究工作。同时,由于珊瑚环境敏感性存在种内、种间差异,对不同物种、不同生态区及多重压力下的白化机制差异缺乏系统性认知,限制了白化风险的精准预测与管理。因此,深入剖析“珊瑚-共生藻-微生物”全生物共生组系统下的驱动因子与白化机制,加强多因子复合效应研究,建立区域化白化阈值数据库,不仅有助于揭示白化的发生机制,更为后续监测指标选取与技术路径优化提供理论支撑。

2 珊瑚白化监测 2.1 现场监测

现场监测通过采集“珊瑚个体-群落-环境”多维度信息,实现从白化个体到生态系统尺度的动态、多维观测(表 2)[16]。首先,在珊瑚个体尺度上,潜水员视觉普查、照片样方、色卡等基于视觉的传统方法仍被广泛应用,该方法能够快速并精确判断珊瑚白化是否发生以及白化严重程度,但结果依赖监测人员主观认知,存在个体差异[79-80]。同时,对现场采集样品的后续实验室分析,可以揭示不同物种的白化响应机制[81-82]。例如,PAM荧光计可检测共生藻光合效率变化,作为白化早期诊断工具[83];显微技术可测定共生藻密度与色素含量,为细胞学机制研究提供证据[84]。其次,在珊瑚群落尺度上,标准化调查方法如Reef Check[85]、样带法和视频样带法[86]被广泛用于长期追踪珊瑚覆盖度、白化率和死亡率的变化。近年来,逐渐兴起的水下光谱仪技术,可通过光谱特征区分健康、白化与死亡珊瑚,提升群落状态评估的客观性[87]。在环境监测方面,研究人员通过温盐深仪(CTD)、温度记录仪、营养盐分析仪等设备,获取珊瑚周围环境的盐度、温度、营养盐和水质等参数[88],为解析“环境驱动-白化响应”的关联提供关键数据。

表 2 珊瑚白化监测方法 Table 2 Monitoring methods of coral bleaching
监测类别
Monitoring category
对象
Target
指标
Indicator
方法
Method
空间尺度
Spatial scale
精度
Accuracy
优势
Advantage
In situ monitoring Coral individual Presence/Absence of bleaching Diver visual census, photo quadrats, color cards cm-m cm Direct, low-cost
Bleaching severity Visual estimation, RGB imaging, microscopy cm-m cm-mm Simple, easy classification
Physiological parameters Fluorometry cm Early stress detection
Cellular-level bleaching Histology, microscopy, electron microscopy μm-cm Micron-level Mechanistic insights
Coral community Bleaching coverage Transects, photo sampling m-km m Direct community assessment
Community decline Reef check, video transects m-km m Standardized, comparable
Spectral features Handheld spectrometer cm-m nm Discriminates health status
Environmental factors Temperature CTD, temperature loggers cm-km ±0.01 ℃ High accuracy, continuous
Salinity CTD, salinometers cm-km ±0.01 Combined with temperature
Nutrients Water sampling, chemical analysis cm-km Laboratory standards Multi-element precision
Water quality Turbidity meters,spectrophotometer m-km Transparent indicator
Currents ADCP, drifters m-km cm·s-1 Hydrodynamics
PAR Light meters, PAR sensors cm-m μmol photons· m-2·s-1 Light stress detection
pH/carbonate system pH electrodes cm-km ±0.01 Acidification index
Remote sensing Coral individual Individual spectral features Hyperspectral, airborne spectrometers, UAV cm-m cm-dm High-resolution, fast coverage
Coral community Bleaching extent Landsat, Sentine, WorldView et al.satellite multispectral/ hyperspectral km-m 10-30 m (Landsat/ Sentine), 0.3-2.0 m (commercial) Large-scale, long-term
Community spectral features UAV/airborne hyperspectral km-m sub-m-m Spectrum rich, detailed classification
Bleaching coverage Photogrammetry, aerial image, UAV km-m cm-m High-resolution, visual
Risk prediction Satellite SST,heat stress indices (e.g.DHW) km 1-4 km Early warning, trends
Environmental factors Temperature MODIS/AVHRR SST km 1-4 km Global, long-term
Chlorophyll MODIS, SeaWiFS km 1-4 km Nutrient proxy
Water Quality/Turbidity Satellite reflectance km 10-30 m Water clarity
Currents & Circulation Altimetry, HF radar km 10-25 km Circulation patterns
Light/Irradiance Satellite irradiance km 1-25 km Light regime
Wind & Waves Scatterometers km 10-25 km Key forcing

近年来,随着计算机技术的发展,现场监测经历了从目视分析到软件辅助,再到自动化处理的演进升级[89]。一方面,通过数字图像分析、颜色识别算法、光谱分析技术对水下影像进行自动化处理与定量化评估,可显著减少人为干扰,提升监测效率与可追溯性,为大尺度、长期序列监测提供稳健技术支撑[90]。另一方面,为克服传统潜水调查受天气、海况限制的问题,无人观测技术被逐步应用于珊瑚白化监测。例如,珊瑚白化自动应力系统(CBASS)的标准化实验系统[91]、浮标和无人潜航器等设备,可实现自动化、智能化、高精度化监测,不受人力与天气限制,高效捕捉与白化相关的环境因子[92-93]。但目前这些技术的推广仍面临海洋环境腐蚀、生物附着、研发与维护成本高、资金投入大等问题[94-95]。随着自动化技术的发展,精细化传感器虽能提供连续准确的观测数据,但在远离大陆的珊瑚礁区设备布设与维护成本高,且单点布设难以反映珊瑚礁整体环境的空间分布模式[16]

2.2 遥感监测

遥感监测基于卫星或无人机实现“非接触、大范围”数据获取,可对大范围珊瑚白化风险进行时空动态监测与预警,相较于传统人工和自动化水下观测,遥感监测在空间覆盖范围和长期连续观测上具有明显优势[18-19]。遥感技术通过无人机、机载高光谱等设备捕获珊瑚礁区光谱特征,可获取其生态信息,例如珊瑚覆盖度[96]、珊瑚白化状况[97-98]、底质类型[99]等(表 2)。同时,遥感技术能通过反演获取海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)、水深、叶绿素浓度、海表盐度等关键环境因子,为解析白化驱动机制提供宏观数据支撑。例如,基于Lansat-8卫星数据反演西沙群岛海温空间分布[41]以及南海叶绿素浓度时空分布[100];利用Sentinel-2和WorldView-2/3卫星数据反演西沙群岛水深空间分布[101]

尽管遥感监测在覆盖范围和时效性方面具有显著优势,能够高效获取大尺度珊瑚礁信息,实现区域乃至全球尺度的动态追踪[18],但仍存在局限性:空间分辨率难以识别珊瑚微小尺度变化,限制小尺度礁区的精细化研究,且容易受云层和天气条件干扰,同时需要专业技术人员进行数据校正、反演,分析难度较高[102]。因此,遥感监测更适用于全球及大区域尺度珊瑚白化状况评估与分布范围动态追踪。例如,NOAA珊瑚礁观察计划(Coral Reef Watch,CRW)遥感产品可用于监测及评估全球尺度的每日珊瑚热白化情况[103],Allen Coral Atlas(ACA)遥感产品实现了全球珊瑚礁栖息地分布制图以及近实时(约两周延迟)的白化监测[104]

总体而言,近年来,珊瑚遥感监测技术的应用在分辨率、监测精度、覆盖范围和可靠性方面逐步得到优化:高分辨率影像提升了局部珊瑚结构识别能力,多光谱和高光谱数据增强了健康状态和白化程度的判定精度,多源遥感数据融合提高了覆盖范围和监测的稳定性。然而,该技术仍面临诸多挑战,包括水深与水体浊度对信号的衰减、传感器分辨率限制、云覆盖影响以及算法识别精度不足等问题。为进一步优化遥感监测技术,未来的改进方向主要包括多源数据融合与算法优化、遥感与现场观测结合、机器学习和人工智能在珊瑚健康判定中的应用,以及长期连续监测平台的建设。

珊瑚监测技术已从传统人工调查阶段,逐步迈向自动化技术与遥感技术深度融合的发展阶段。针对珊瑚本体监测:潜水调查与生态指数测定可提供高精度数据,但存在覆盖范围较窄、结果准确性高度依赖操作人员专业经验的局限;自动化水下摄像、环境传感器及无人机监测虽能实现长期连续观测,但其效果易受水流扰动、光照强度等环境条件制约。针对珊瑚生态环境监测:水文与水化学监测可提前预警珊瑚白化风险,而遥感技术能快速获取大范围区域的珊瑚覆盖度及白化状况信息,不过其精度会受水深梯度、水体浊度及传感器空间分辨率的影响。总体而言,现场监测与遥感监测在珊瑚白化研究中具有显著互补性,现场监测能够揭示机理、精度高,而遥感监测覆盖面广、时间长。各类监测方法在数据精度、运行可靠性与空间覆盖范围上均存在显著差异,单一技术难以同时满足高精度、广覆盖、高可靠性的监测需求,唯有通过多技术综合应用,方能在一定程度上提升珊瑚监测的整体效率与数据可靠性。

因此,“多技术协同、多源数据融合”是构建珊瑚礁综合监测体系的关键方向。例如Bakker等[105]结合WorldView遥感反演的栖息地异质性图和实地调查获取生态数据,有效预测珊瑚多样性的空间分布;De等[106]使用遥感反演温度数据和实地监测的珊瑚礁生态数据,多角度评估珊瑚礁对海温异常的响应,为珊瑚白化研究提供可靠证据。对于全球或大区域尺度的珊瑚白化趋势监测、大范围珊瑚礁分布变化监测等,遥感监测可快速获取宏观信息。而对于重点珊瑚礁保护区的长期连续监测、环境因子的动态变化监测等,自动化原位监测更为适用,可提供连续、准确的监测数据。对于小范围珊瑚礁的精细调查、特定珊瑚物种的监测以及监测异常后的验证等,人工监测则具有不可替代的优势。未来,“人工+自动化+遥感”三位一体的监测架构是提升珊瑚白化监测效果的核心方向:通过遥感识别海表热压力区域,派遣潜水员实地验证白化状况,布设自动化传感器长期跟踪环境参数与珊瑚动态,贯通“宏观-微观”监测链条,显著提升监测准确性与可靠性。

3 珊瑚白化预警 3.1 珊瑚白化预警模型研究进展

尽管监测能够实时反映白化过程,但要在白化发生前采取干预措施,还需依托有效的预警模型。热压力模型是目前最成熟、应用最广泛的预警模型,其通过量化热压力程度来预测珊瑚白化风险[107]。该模型基础在于,当海表温度超过最热月长期海温(Maximum Monthly Mean,MMM)1 ℃时将导致大面积珊瑚白化[108],且SST升高与珊瑚白化事件的持续时间具有较强的一致性[109]。基于此,采用白化热点(Hotspot)与周热度(Degree Heating Week,DHW)来构建预警框架,并设定热点阈值(Hotspot Threshold,HT)预测珊瑚白化热压力等级(表 3)。其中Hotspot用于量化日常热压力,DHW则用12周内Hotspot超过1 ℃的累积值来量化高温持续时间下形成的累积热压力。通过珊瑚实验[33]与实地珊瑚白化数据[8]验证,发现当DHW≥4 ℃·周时通常会发生珊瑚白化,而DHW≥8 ℃·周则可能导致大规模珊瑚白化甚至死亡。

表 3 珊瑚白化热压力等级[110] Table 3 Levels of heat stress associated with coral bleaching[110]
等级
Level
热压力等级
Heat stress level
对珊瑚的影响
Impact on coral
No stress Hotspot≤0
Bleaching watch 0<Hotspot<HT
Bleaching warning Hotspot≥HT, 0<DHW<AT1 Risk of possible bleaching
Bleaching alert level 1 Hotspot≥HT, AT1≤DHW<AT2 Risk of reef-wide bleaching
Bleaching alert level 2 Hotspot≥HT, DHW≥AT2 Risk of reef-wide bleaching with mortality of heat-sensitive corals
Note:$\text { Hotspot }=\left\{\begin{array}{cc} \mathrm{SST}-\mathrm{MM} & (\mathrm{SST}>\mathrm{MMM}) \\ 0 & (\mathrm{SST} \leqslant \mathrm{MMM}) \end{array}\right.$; $\mathrm{DHW}_i=\sum_{j=i-83}^i\left(\frac{\text { Hotspot }_j}{7}\right),\left(\text { Hotspot }_j \geqslant 1\right)$; HT=Hotspot Threshold(℃); AT=Alert Threshold(℃·week).

基于此珊瑚白化阈值体系[HT=1 ℃、白化预警阈值(Alert Threshold,AT)的AT1=4 ℃·周、AT2=8 ℃·周],产生了一系列热压力产品。例如,CRW[110-112]、高分辨率珊瑚礁海温异常数据库(The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database,CoRTAD)[113-114],都被广泛应用于珊瑚白化研究与业务化管理[115-118]。其中,CRW提供一系列产品:SST,通过卫星实时监测海表温度变化,识别可能导致珊瑚白化的热应激区域;Hotspot,显示海表温度异常区域,帮助识别潜在的白化风险区域;DHW,量化热应激强度的指标,用于评估珊瑚白化的严重程度;白化警报区域(Bleaching alert area),基于DHW值,划定不同的白化风险区域;区域虚拟站(Regional virtual stations):提供特定区域的长期热应激数据,支持更精细的管理决策。另外,目前的白化预警模型大部分针对珊瑚热白化事件,而对冷白化等非热压力引起的白化现象监测和预警严重不足。虽然有研究参照热压力模型构建了冷周度(Degree Cooling Weeks,DCWs)指标体系[59],但该模型的适用性仍需通过更多野外数据加以验证。

然而,传统热压力模型的局限性在于其阈值设定通常基于经验统计,难以准确反映不同区域、不同种类珊瑚对白化的差异性响应[119-121]。此外,除热压力外,珊瑚白化在小区域尺度上还受到多种环境压力源的共同驱动[62]。因此,为提高珊瑚白化预警的准确性与适用性,目前形成了阈值优化以及多因子融合模型两种优化方向。一是阈值优化,在不同海域和环境条件下,通过降低HT、缩短DHW热累积周期、优化DHW阈值、引入温度变化模式等手段进行探索。例如,Qin等[6]分别基于CRW和CoRTAD产品优化阈值为AT1=3.32 ℃·周、AT2=4.52 ℃·周和AT1=2.36 ℃·周、AT2=4.14 ℃·周,提高了这些热压力产品在中国南海业务化监测的预警精度; DeCarlo[119]通过调整DHW累积窗口时间为9周将白化预警精度提高了45%。二是多因子融合,在热压力模型基础上,综合引入深度、光照、营养盐、海流条件等多种局地环境因子及人为压力因子,利用统计回归、机器学习或综合建模方法来提升预测精度和适应性[122-125]。例如,Sully等[124]基于广义线性混合模型将DHW、纬度、深度和其他温度变化模式等作为白化预警因子,得出SST变化率是预测珊瑚白化的主要因子的重要结论(表 4)。现阶段珊瑚白化预警研究更侧重于阈值优化,这主要归因于热压力模型在理论与技术上的相对成熟,而多因子融合模型的发展仍受制于多源数据获取和处理难度。阈值优化模型通过引入更高分辨率的海温数据及区域化历史观测资料,显著提升了不同海域在热压力水平下的预警精度;相比之下,多因子融合模型则通过整合光照强度、营养盐浓度及水下观测等多维数据,增强了空间适应性与预测可靠性,为区域化、精细化的白化预警提供了更有效的技术路径。

表 4 珊瑚白化预警模型 Table 4 Alert models of coral bleaching
模型来源
Model source
优化方向
Optimization
关键优化方法
Key optimization method
提升情况
Improvement status
CRW Classic Model HT=1 ℃, AT1=4 ℃·week, AT2= 8 ℃·week Oriented early warning, strong applicability but regional variability remains
Yee et al.[125] Multi-factor integration Model incorporating temperature, solar radiation, and seawater mixing Prediction accuracy improved by about 20%, but varies regionally
Donner[120] Threshold optimization Using historical SST variability as thresholds Historical SST variability improves bleaching prediction accuracy
Kumagai et al.[122] Multi-factor integration Incorporating historical SST variability, heat index, UV radiation, turbidity, and cooling effects Improved monitoring and prediction accuracy in Ryukyu Islands
Sully et al.[124] Multi-factor integration Based on the generalized linear mixed model, factors such as DHW, latitude, depth, and other temperature variation patterns were used to construct a model Rate of SST change identified as primary predictor
Skirving et al.[126] Threshold optimization Refined AT into three levels (0, 2, 8 ℃·week) Improved prediction of low-level bleaching
McManus et al.[127] Threshold optimization HT=2.5 STD(Standard Deviation) Improved accuracy in Coral Triangle region
DeCarlo et al.[119] Threshold optimization Adjusted DHW accumulation window to 9 week Improved global prediction accuracy
Lachs et al.[128] Threshold optimization HT=0 ℃,DHW accumulation window = 8 weeks Improved global prediction accuracy
De et al.[106] Threshold optimization HT=0.5 ℃, AT refined into 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 ℃·week Enabled prediction across bleaching severity levels
Eladawy et al.[129] Threshold optimization Replaced MMM+1 ℃ with 32 ℃ Better fits bleaching patterns of heat-tolerant Red Sea corals
Qin et al.[6] Threshold optimization Adjusted DHW thresholds of CRW and CoRTAD products Improved operational prediction accuracy in South China Sea
Shlesinger et al.[123] Multi-factor integration Analysis of multiple environmental factors across major global reef regions Enhanced predictive capacity across three oceans
Liu et al.[130] Threshold optimization Optimal combination of HT and DHW thresholds Improved accuracy in South China Sea monitoring

3.2 珊瑚白化预警的不足与优化方向化预警 3.2.1 珊瑚白化预警技术存在的不足

尽管通过优化可以提升珊瑚白化预警的准确率,但是当前珊瑚白化预警系统仍面临若干挑战。第一,全球预警模型普适性差。不同区域的珊瑚耐热性和白化预警阈值存在差异[131],但现有全球预警模型(如CRW)在特定区域的适配性不足[121]。第二,空间分辨率不足。小范围内珊瑚白化响应仍具有异质性[41],但现有遥感热压力产品(如5 km空间分辨率的CRW)难以支撑小尺度海温空间变化研究[6]。第三,模型可移植性不足。不同珊瑚礁区的珊瑚物种组成[132-134]、温度历史[135]、局部压力[136-138]等条件具有区域特征,已构建的区域性预警模型难以推广应用。第四,预测变量单一。除温度外,光照、盐度、海洋酸化等区域性压力源也会影响珊瑚的热敏感性[10-12, 139],然而部分模型仅考虑单一或少数因素[140],且对冷白化等非热压力引起的白化事件监测和预警不足[53]。第五,时效性滞后。现有预警多在珊瑚达到一定白化程度后才发出警报[141],这种时滞效应削弱了预警在前瞻性干预中的作用,导致最佳管理与修复窗口期的错失[80]。第六,数据有效性。数据误差、滞后或缺失会显著降低预警的及时性与准确率。

3.2.2 珊瑚白化预警技术的优化方向

珊瑚白化预警技术的优化是确保及时采取干预措施、有效保护珊瑚礁生态系统的重要途径。随着全球气候变化加剧,珊瑚白化事件的发生频率和严重程度不断增加,珊瑚礁恢复窗口缩短[2]。因此,迫切需要提升预警技术的精度、灵敏度与响应速度。珊瑚白化预警技术的优化应着重从以下4个方面展开。第一,提升空间分辨率与局地适配性。借助高分辨率遥感数据(如分辨率为10 m的Sentinel-2、3 m的PlanetScope、2 m的WorldView系列,以及0.3-0.5 m亚米级分辨率的商业卫星,如GeoEye-1、QuickBird)与现场长期监测数据,通过时空融合、降尺度等技术构建精细珊瑚环境空间分布模型,同时,充分考虑不同区域珊瑚物种组成、温度历史和局地环境压力等条件,开发区域化、物种特异性的预警模型,实现小尺度珊瑚礁区的精细化监测预警。第二,拓展多因子综合预警模型。综合考虑环境多因子及其交互效应,利用机器学习、贝叶斯网络或多模型耦合等方法,构建动态调整权重的多维预警框架[142-143],这不仅有助于提高预测精度,还可增强模型的普适性与可移植性。第三,提升数据处理与响应速度。借助物联网、云计算与边缘计算技术,提升数据实时采集与传输能力,加快模型运算与结果推送效率,实现近实时预警[144]。第四,构建多尺度协同预警网络。在全球尺度上卫星遥感可提供宏观白化趋势与风险区域分布,在区域尺度上加强重点海域的精细化监测与阈值校准,在局地尺度上布设长期观测站点或自动监测平台,实时反馈特定礁区的环境变化与白化动态。通过多尺度信息互通与协同,既服务全球气候变化背景下的风险评估,又满足局地管理与生态修复的实际需求。

4 对生态修复的应用与警示 4.1 对修复策略的应用与警示

珊瑚白化监测与预警技术的进步为风险识别提供了支撑,但仍无法完全避免白化事件[110-112]。因此,生态修复与管理策略成为减轻白化影响、恢复生态功能的重要手段[145]。监测与预警虽不能阻止白化发生,但可为修复提供“空间布局、时间把控、物种选择”的科学依据,具体体现在以下3个方面。

4.1.1 气候变化背景下珊瑚避难所的筛选

避难所是珊瑚礁应对气候变化的保护地,其科学筛选需以长期监测的多维度数据为关键支撑,具体分3步实施。第一,根据筛选核心指标识别出关键空间区域。通过量化历史白化事件数据(发生频率、持续时长等)、环境条件稳定性参数(温度、光照、海流等)、珊瑚群落热耐受性指标(白化率、叶绿素浓度等)等指标来识别珊瑚避难所[146]。例如,可利用历史海温时空分布模式识别低热压力区域,结合现场温度记录器和遥感数据识别出深水和上升流区域,该区域可能因海洋环流、上升流、深度和高纬度等因素而具有较低的热暴露频率和幅度,是潜在的热压力避难所[147-149]。第二,评估避难所的可持续性。可基于历史数据预测未来热浪频率以及升温率,辅助评估避难所的长期可持续性。第三,差异化保护。对评估及筛选后的区域采取差异化保护措施,针对高脆弱性区域,应采取严格保护措施,减少捕捞、污染和旅游开发等人类干扰的额外压力[150-151]。在未来升温率较低且已展现出高弹性力的区域,则应优先建立海洋保护区,打造全球变暖背景下的重点保育基地[152]

4.1.2 修复时间窗口的选择与动态管理

修复时间窗口是指珊瑚移植、幼虫投放等修复行为的最佳实施期,其选择直接依赖于白化监测的周期规律与预警的时效性。首先,通过年际白化监测数据,总结区域白化事件的周期规律,结合短期预警(如CRW的7 d白化预警预报产品[103]),将珊瑚种植修复窗口锁定在白化风险低的时段[153]。其次,通过评估白化事件后的死亡率、藻类覆盖度等数据,可判断生态修复时间窗口期。例如,在珊瑚产卵后,进行幼虫捕获和培育的效果最佳[154];而在藻类过度增殖前进行幼珊瑚移植,能减少竞争压力[155]。此外,由于珊瑚自然生长和群落恢复缓慢,通常需要5-10年甚至更长时间才能在结构复杂度和群落组成上表现出显著成效[156-157]。因此,珊瑚礁修复不仅需要前期科学的规划与实施,更依赖后期持续地监测、维护和适应性管理,才能在未来气候变化和人类干扰的背景下维持并巩固修复成效。由此可见,修复工作应纳入动态管理框架,跟踪监测修复珊瑚群落,根据反馈不断调整修复方向与力度,从而实现生态修复的适应性管理。例如,在热浪期间可暂停移植,转而加强污染治理和渔业管控等缓解环境压力的措施;而在气候相对稳定的时期,则加大移植、人工育苗等修复力度,充分利用生态窗口期促进群落扩展与恢复。

4.1.3 基于群落健康的珊瑚修复物种优先选择

不同珊瑚物种其恢复能力差异显著,因此物种选择对修复成效具有决定性影响[158]。监测数据能够揭示不同珊瑚物种对环境压力的响应差异,可为物种优选和修复种源筛选提供坚实的科学依据[159]。一般情况下,优先选用的珊瑚物种需兼具重要生态功能、较高环境适应性及较强生长潜力,以达到珊瑚生态群落可持续性健康发展的最终目的[145, 160]。首先,在珊瑚生态功能方面,可以通过群落健康监测数据识别关键功能群,并将群落覆盖率及多样性等数据纳入评估体系。例如,可引入快速生长的热敏感珊瑚,如鹿角珊瑚属(Acropora)[81],以促进干扰后的珊瑚礁恢复和提高生态系统的结构复杂度。其次,在提升珊瑚适应性方面,可通过长期监测和研究,筛选环境耐受性珊瑚物种,提升珊瑚的抗白化能力,增强生态系统韧性。例如,在营养供给丰富区域,优先选择异养营养为主的珊瑚种类,如盾形陀螺珊瑚(Turbinaria peltata)[161];在热浪频发区域,选择耐热性较强的团块状珊瑚,如滨珊瑚属(Porites)[81],能增强珊瑚礁群落的抗白化能力和整体稳定性。最后,应整合珊瑚的白化率、死亡率、物种耐受差异及干扰后群落动态重组等多维度参数,构建以群落健康为导向的珊瑚修复物种优先选择框架[162]。例如,在台风多发区域,杯形珊瑚属(Pocillopora)因具备较快的恢复能力更适合作为修复物种[163]

4.2 对珊瑚热适应力提升关键技术的应用及警示

在全球变暖背景下,仅依赖珊瑚的自然适应能力已难以应对持续加剧的气候压力。因此,需采取辅助进化等人工干预措施来提升珊瑚的热适应力[164]。基于定制化珊瑚治理理念(图 3)[165],珊瑚热适应力提升的关键技术研究不断推进。一方面,利用活体移植、基因编辑和有性繁殖等方法提升珊瑚的遗传多样性和耐热潜力。例如,通过扩大珊瑚的基因储备、加速其突变过程,从基因角度提升珊瑚适应环境的能力,有助于提升修复效果并提升珊瑚礁抵御环境压力的能力[45]。另一方面,通过优化共生藻和微生物群落、发展微生物疗法和环境调控措施,提升珊瑚整体的健康水平和抗逆性。例如,珊瑚及其共生功能体对环境变动的适应机制研究[166-167]。当前主流的珊瑚礁生态修复措施在有效性、可行性、成本与风险方面呈现显著差异[168]。其中,活体珊瑚移植与珊瑚园艺技术成熟、可行性高,能有效快速恢复局部覆盖度,但面临成本中等偏高及遗传多样性降低的风险[169]。有性繁殖与幼体培育能极大提升遗传多样性与长期适应潜力,然而技术复杂、成本高昂且幼体存活率不稳定[155]。基因编辑与辅助进化虽具理论上的高潜力,但目前仍处于研究阶段,成本极高且伴随不可预测的生态安全风险[138]。共生藻与微生物工程在提升珊瑚热耐受性方面展现出良好的前景,但该技术尚未标准化,存在微生物群落失衡的潜在风险[165]。综上,未来修复工作需采取“技术协同、因地制宜”的策略,在预警系统指导下,权衡短期成效与长期可持续性,并建立完善的后期评估与适应性管理体系,以规避风险,提升整体修复效能,进而提升珊瑚热适应力,为珊瑚礁应对气候变化和环境压力提供更有力的支撑。

图 3 为提高珊瑚礁弹性力的干预措施所需重点探索的关键主题和方法示例[165] Fig. 3 Examples of key topics and approaches to be explored to support the development of interventions to improve coral reef resilience[165]

4.2.1 活体珊瑚移植与珊瑚基因编辑探索

活体珊瑚移植是目前最常见的修复措施,该方法通过将健康的珊瑚个体或群体移植到受损区域,以促进珊瑚礁恢复和重建[168]。移植成效依赖于对环境条件的实时监测与动态评估,监测结果不仅可用于筛选适宜的移植地点,还能用于追踪移植珊瑚的存活率及生长情况[170]。近年来兴起的珊瑚基因编辑辅助进化技术揭示了部分群落对白化具有更强的抵抗力,可将其作为未来修复工程的优选对象。这些发现也为预警模型提供了关键的物种/种群敏感性参数。在移植过程中,结合白化预警信息选择适宜的移植时间和环境条件,能有效提高珊瑚成活率。随着基因编辑技术的发展,编辑珊瑚基因的探索为提高珊瑚热适应力提供了新途径[171]。通过定向基因编辑可提高珊瑚对高温等压力因素的耐受能力,培育出耐热性更强的珊瑚品种。虽然该技术目前仍处于研究阶段,但其应用前景广阔[169]

4.2.2 珊瑚有性繁殖技术

珊瑚有性繁殖技术近年来成为生态修复和种群恢复的重要研究方向。与传统的无性繁殖(如断枝移植)相比,有性繁殖能够产生基因重组的后代,显著提升遗传多样性,从而为珊瑚群落适应全球气候变化和局地环境胁迫提供潜在优势。研究表明,杂交或变异的后代在氧化还原酶活性和细胞基质相关的基因本体中富含正调控基因集,且其热耐受应激相关基因的表达水平显著升高[172]。因此,珊瑚杂交后代具有更高热耐受力,理论上可通过珊瑚移植、生态修复达到珊瑚繁殖、扩张的目的[173]。通过控制环境的方法培育突变和杂交产生的珊瑚幼虫,选择更适应极端环境的珊瑚基因进行可遗传性繁育,可相应地提高珊瑚抗白化的能力。近年来,有研究尝试通过跨纬度珊瑚杂交技术建立珊瑚混合基因库,以培育兼具耐压性和环境适应性的珊瑚[169]。这些新的繁殖技术为培育具有较强对抗环境变化能力的珊瑚提供了重要支持。

4.2.3 共生藻改良与微生物工程

珊瑚的热适应能力不仅依赖自身遗传特性,而且与“珊瑚-共生藻-微生物”全生物共生组协同作用密切相关。通过共生藻改良与微生物工程调控这一功能体的稳定性与抗逆性,成为提升珊瑚热适应力的关键技术路径,其应用全程需以精细化监测数据为依据。一方面,共生藻改良主要依托虫黄藻热耐受株系的筛选与应用。如共生藻Durusdinium trenchii (D1、D4、D6)具有较高的热耐受性,引入该藻株后可将珊瑚的高温耐受阈值提高1.0-1.5 ℃[174-175]。另一方面,共生微生物不仅可为珊瑚提供能量和关键元素,而且能抑制病原菌、增强免疫,缓解高温等环境胁迫,并通过调控碳、氮、硫等生物地球化学循环维持微环境稳定[24]。例如,一些假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)被证实能有效抑制弧菌(Vibrio)等与珊瑚疾病相关的病原菌,从而降低疾病暴发的风险[176];一些共生微生物可以为珊瑚提供必需的营养物质,如维生素B12、生物素、硫胺素和核黄素等[177-178]。因此,通过功能性微生物群落重塑,可增强珊瑚的抗逆性以及维持珊瑚群落的健康。例如,通过外源补充或定向驯化微生物群落,提高珊瑚在热浪或疾病暴发条件下的生存率[179]

4.3 中国珊瑚白化监测预警与生态修复

我国珊瑚礁主要分布于南海、东海、北部湾等海域。近年来,在国家海洋战略计划与科研项目推动下,我国珊瑚礁监测、预警与修复技术体系取得显著进展。监测工作的进展主要有以下两方面。(1)观测装备国产化及监测业务化。不仅在线监测平台、自主水下直升机(AUH)、无人机、水下机器人等高质量国产观测设备不断投入应用[180-182],还成功发射了多部高分系列及海洋系列自主国产卫星[183-184]。例如,中国海洋大学研制的有缆坐底式在线监测系统已在福建、广西、海南等海域布设,形成区域化的珊瑚礁长期观测网络[180];国家海洋技术中心研制的坐底式在线监测平台已在南海实现业务化监测[181];浙江大学自主研发的珊瑚礁生态观测水下直升机(AUH)显著提升了珊瑚礁的精细化调查与原位成像能力[182]。随着多层级珊瑚礁监测网络的逐步构建,传统集中式数据处理架构已难以满足实时白化预警与动态响应的需求。针对这一问题,部分研究提出将现场与遥感监测数据统一上传至云端进行联合分析,并将复杂计算任务从集中式云端迁移至边缘端,实现遥感宏观风险初筛与端侧精细监测的协同珊瑚监测体系[185]。(2)监测技术正向智能化、多元化与精细化方向加速发展。海南大学提出以息肉覆盖率作为实验室珊瑚健康评估的关键指标,并开发了基于多功能珊瑚健康监测器系统的“Coral Health Assessment”微信小程序,实现数据可视化与移动化监测[186]。与此同时,水下视频图像自动识别与分析技术持续突破[187-188],例如,厦门大学联合华为技术有限公司研发出珊瑚及鱼类的智能识别及分析系统,该系统可对水下视频进行实时分析并识别珊瑚种类和覆盖面积,构建珊瑚信息数据库;中国科学院南海海洋研究所研发的“瑶华”珊瑚礁多模态AI大模型,可自动识别和分类不同珊瑚属种,并对其健康状况进行评估。此外,遥感算法优化研究亦不断深化[189],如基于无人机图像的阳光闪烁校正技术可提高空中遥感影像精度[190];基于弱监督学习的南沙群岛底栖遥感分割算法则大幅提升了珊瑚礁大范围制图与监测能力[191]

在珊瑚白化预警领域,我国已形成从宏观遥感监测到分子层面监测的多层次技术体系,并持续深化完善。在宏观遥感层面,与国际研究趋势一致,我国多数研究采用基于热压力指标的传统珊瑚白化预警模型[114]。同时,也有学者探索多因子融合模型,将水深、反射率等遥感参数引入白化评估体系,构建适用于西沙群岛羚羊礁的长期珊瑚白化监测与预警模型[192]。针对遥感海表温度产品在我国南海海域的适用性,部分学者对热阈值进行了区域优化。例如,优化CRW产品的珊瑚白化预警阈值[6, 130],修正国产卫星产品的预警阈值[193]。在微观的珊瑚个体与分子监测层面,已初步建立我国典型珊瑚蛋白条形码数据库,为珊瑚健康评估及早期白化预警提供了分子基础支撑[194]。环境DNA(eDNA)电化学传感器技术实现了对珊瑚益生菌与致病菌的现场动态监测,具有检测成本低、灵敏度高、响应快速等优势,为珊瑚健康监测与白化风险预警提供了新的技术路径[195-197]。例如,通过监测鹿角杯形珊瑚益生菌,可揭示其在热压力下对珊瑚的保护作用,为全球变暖背景下的珊瑚健康评估与保护提供新思路[196];而针对温度依赖性病原体——溶珊瑚弧菌的动态监测,则可在白化出现前识别其潜在风险,从而实现早期预警[197]

在珊瑚礁生态修复领域,我国已形成涵盖生物、物理与综合生态修复的多层次技术体系,并持续向系统化、规模化方向发展。在应用最广泛的生物修复层面,以无性繁殖为基础的珊瑚移植技术最为成熟[169]。珊瑚园艺则进一步提升了修复的规范性与效率,通过在海底或岸基建立苗圃规模化培育珊瑚断枝,显著改善了移植个体的健康状况并提高了其存活率,在涠洲岛等地的实践已取得良好成效[198-199]。为保障修复种群的长期适应力,基于有性繁殖的珊瑚幼体培育正处于积极探索阶段[200]。提升珊瑚环境耐受性的辅助进化研究,如通过选择性育种或虫黄藻移植增强热耐受性,为应对气候变化提供了前瞻性技术储备[201]。在物理与生境修复层面,人工礁体的构建是关键支撑。通过投放混凝土、陶瓷等材料的结构物,可为珊瑚幼虫提供附着基底并优化其栖息地结构,以西沙赵述岛为例,研究表明人工礁体能有效促进珊瑚幼虫自然附着与生长,加速生态系统的自我恢复[202]。在综合生态修复层面,从修复珊瑚跃升到修复生态系统的理念。系统集成“基底修复、种群恢复、群落构建、系统养护”的多维生态修复技术,在南海成功实施了面积达10万平方米的示范工程,为全球珊瑚礁生态系统的综合修复提供了范例[203]。在区域实践中,形成了“珊瑚苗种培育-原位种植-人工礁立体生境构建”为一体的技术体系,旨在全面提升珊瑚礁的结构复杂性与生态功能[199]。总体而言,目前我国已在南海、海南三亚市和三沙市、广东大亚湾、广西北海市涠洲岛等海域开展了多项珊瑚礁修复工作,并提出应建立适合我国珊瑚礁生态修复效果评价的指标体系,以期为珊瑚修复和保护工作提供指导[204],但目前关于长期跟踪监测评估的公开研究相对不足[205]

4.4 珊瑚礁“监测-预警-响应-修复”闭环管理

首先,建立“监测-预警-响应-修复”的闭环管理模式。此模式是应对珊瑚白化的有效策略:监测技术获取珊瑚礁信息,预警系统预测潜在白化风险,随后根据预警结果及时采取响应措施(如限制人类活动、实施保护工程等),最终通过生态修复技术对受损珊瑚礁实施修复。该模式实现了从信息获取到问题解决的全过程管理,形成持续改进的循环,可显著提升白化应对的效率和效果。其次,构建自适应管理与反馈优化机制。自适应管理是基于监测评估结果动态调整策略的管理方法。在珊瑚礁应对白化过程中,通过反馈优化机制,结合监测数据与修复效果,及时调整监测方案、预警模型及修复策略,提升管理措施对生态系统变化的适应性。该机制能增强管理的灵活性和针对性,保障应对措施的有效性与可持续性。最后,推动“事后修复”向“前瞻性干预”转变。珊瑚白化预警凭借及时准确的预测,可在白化发生前采取有效干预措施(如调节海水温度、减少污染物排放等),避免或减轻白化程度。事前干预不仅能降低生态修复成本,还能有效维护珊瑚礁生态系统的完整性和稳定性,是珊瑚礁保护工作的重要发展方向。

5 展望

目前珊瑚白化监测与预警技术已取得显著进展。在珊瑚白化监测领域,人工现场调查提供精细化观测数据,自动化监测强化了时空连续性,遥感监测则支撑起大尺度趋势追踪与风险评估,三者互补融合,初步构建了多层次珊瑚白化监测技术体系。在珊瑚白化预警方面,以热压力为核心的模型已实现业务化运行,阈值优化增强了区域适配性,多因子融合提升了模型的空间通用性。然而,珊瑚白化预警仍面临精度不足、局地适配性弱、滞后性强及冷白化关注不足等挑战。在生态修复层面,监测与预警不仅能为修复时机和物种筛选提供科学依据,更指出未来修复需综合运用耐热珊瑚筛选、遗传改良、共生藻与微生物工程等手段。总体而言,监测-预警-响应-修复的技术链条已初步建立,但协同机制仍需完善与深化。因此,未来的主要研究方向将从以下3个方面开展。

(1) 智能化监测与跨学科建模一体化发展。高质量数据构成珊瑚白化研究的基石。需研发具备“高精度、自动化、抗老化”特性的监测设备,强化对海温、光照、营养盐等多维环境因子的长时序监测,以精准捕捉珊瑚礁的细微变化与短时突发异常。在此基础上,亟须推进海洋学、气候学、生态学、生物信息学与人工智能的深度融合,构建跨学科集成建模框架。

(2) 多源数据融合与智能挖掘技术。单一数据源难以全面揭示珊瑚白化动态,未来的研究应聚焦卫星遥感、无人机航测、现场传感及实验室观测等多源数据的深度融合,构建涵盖全球-区域-局地的多尺度数据体系。同时,须强化大数据管理能力与智能挖掘技术,开发自动化图像识别与光谱解译算法,深度挖掘数据内在关联,显著提升数据的可用性与解释力。此外,应通过建立共享数据库与开放平台,打通科研机构、管理部门与公众间的数据壁垒,为白化监测、预警与修复的综合决策提供坚实支撑。

(3) 构建区域性决策支持系统,驱动精细化管理与修复实践。鉴于不同区域在环境特征、物种组成等方面存在显著差异,未来须着力加强区域化、分类型的决策支持系统建设。该系统应整合监测数据、预警信号与修复方案,深度融入社会经济背景,打造集风险评估、情景模拟、干预策略推荐于一体的综合管理平台。借助交互式可视化与智能推演技术,管理者可迅速洞悉不同区域的风险分布格局与修复优先级,制定精准的差异化干预策略,最终实现区域精细化治理与全球协同保护的双重目标。

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