TP vs.TP联合PD-1单抗方案治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌近期疗效及安全性研究
刘静雨, 石亮亮, 朱礼胜, 熊英, 彭纲     
华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院肿瘤中心, 湖北武汉 430022
摘要: 为了比较接受紫杉醇+顺铂(Paclitaxel+Cisplatin,TP)、TP联合程序性死亡受体1(Programmed Death-ligand 1,PD-1)单抗方案序贯同步放化疗治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的近期疗效及安全性,本研究回顾分析了2019年1月至2020年12月于华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院肿瘤中心诊治的108例局部晚期鼻咽癌患者的临床资料,并比较两组治疗方案的近期疗效与不良反应发生率。鼻咽癌患者接受诱导治疗和同步放化疗后,TP联合PD-1单抗组(n=43)客观缓解率(Object Response Rate,ORR)均略高于TP组(n=65),但差异无统计学意义; 同步放化疗后完全缓解(Complete Response,CR)率显著高于TP组, 差异有统计学意义。TP联合PD-1单抗组白细胞减少、淋巴细胞减少和肺炎发生率高于TP组,差异有统计学意义。TP联合PD-1单抗治疗方案序贯同步放化疗治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌近期疗效略高于TP诱导化疗组,差异无统计学意义。TP联合PD-1单抗治疗组白细胞减少、淋巴细胞减少和肺炎发生率显著高于TP组,但处于安全可控的范围。
关键词: 局部晚期鼻咽癌    免疫检查点抑制剂    程序性死亡受体1    诱导化疗    临床疗效    安全性    
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of TP, TP plus Anti-PD-1 Regimen in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
LIU Jingyu, SHI Liangliang, ZHU Lisheng, XIONG Ying, PENG Gang     
Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
Abstract: In order to compare the short-term efficacy and safety of TP (Paclitaxel+Cisplatin), TP plus anti-PD-1 for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma, from January 2019 to December 2020, the clinical data of 108 patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Cancer Center of Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology were collected for retrospective analysis. The short-term efficacy and incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups of treatment. After induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the Objective Response Rate (ORR) was slightly better in the TP plus anti-PD-1 regimen (n=43) than that in the TP regimen (n=65), but the difference was not statistically significant. After concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the Complete Response (CR) rate in the TP plus anti-PD-1 group was significantly higher than that in the TP group, and the difference was statistically significant. The incidence of leukopenia、lymphopenia and pneumonia was higher in the TP plus anti-PD-1 regimen than that in the TP regimen, and the difference was statistically significant. The short-term efficacy of TP plus anti-PD-1 group was slightly better than that in the TP group in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but the difference was not statistically significant. The incidence of leukopenia, lymphopenia and pneumonia in the TP plus anti-PD-1 regimen was significantly higher than that in the TP group, but it was in a safe and controllable range.
Key words: locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma    immune checkpoint inhibitor    programmed cell death 1 receptor    induction chemotherapy    clinical efficacy    safety profiles    

鼻咽癌发病于鼻咽黏膜上皮,是头颈部肿瘤中最常见的恶性肿瘤。国际癌症研究中心的全球癌症统计数据显示2020年鼻咽癌的新发病例有133 354例,且有80 008例病人死于鼻咽癌[1]。鼻咽癌的解剖位置特殊、临床症状不典型,相比其他头颈部鳞癌更易发生远处转移。60%-70%病人确诊时已处于局部晚期[2],因此寻找局部晚期鼻咽癌患者有效的治疗方案对延长患者的生存时间至关重要。有研究证实诱导化疗序贯同步放化疗治疗模式给患者带来了生存获益,且具有较理想的远处转移控制率[3]。Ma等[4]开展的一项关于纳武利尤单抗(Nivolumab)疗效的多中心Ⅱ期研究结果为44例复发/转移性鼻咽癌(Recurrent Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma,RM-NPC)患者接受治疗后客观缓解率(Object Response Rate,ORR)为20.5%(其中完全缓解1例、客观缓解8例),1年总生存率和无进展生存率(Progress Free Survival,PFS)分别为59%、19.3%,这表明PD-1单抗单药治疗鼻咽癌有较好的抗肿瘤活性。Fang等[5]的转移性鼻咽癌Ⅰ期临床试验研究显示,吉西他滨联合顺铂(Gemcitabine Plus cisplatin,GP)方案联合卡瑞利珠单抗(Camrelizumab)一线治疗转移性鼻咽癌的ORR达91%,中位随访时间为10.2个月,1年PFS达61.4%,ORR和PFS明显优于卡瑞利珠单抗单药治疗组(分别为34.0%、27.1%),这表明GP联合PD-1单抗治疗有利于患者生存。Hui等[6]的研究表明,紫杉醇+顺铂(Paclitaxel+Cisplatin, TP)诱导化疗联合同步放化疗治疗晚期鼻咽癌3年总生存率显著优于同步放化疗组(94.1% vs.67.7%, P=0.012)。虽然多项研究表明联合PD-1单抗治疗能达到协同抗肿瘤免疫的效果[5, 7],但尚未有对TP与TP联合PD-1单抗治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的安全性和近期疗效进行对比的研究。本研究拟通过比较并分析TP与TP联合PD-1单抗方案序贯同步放化疗治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的近期疗效及安全性, 为鼻咽癌临床治疗提供更优方案选择。

1 材料与方法 1.1 一般资料

本研究回顾分析2019年1月至2020年12月华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院肿瘤中心收治的108例局部晚期鼻咽癌患者临床资料。纳入标准:(1)所有研究对象均经影像学检查及病理组织活检确诊为局部晚期鼻咽癌,临床分期为Ⅲ-Ⅳa期,除T3N0外,均参照美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)分期第8版[8]划分;(2)卡氏功能状态(Karnofsky Performance Status,KPS)评分≥70分;(3)年龄18-75岁;(4)东部肿瘤合作组织(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,ECOG)评分≤2分。排除标准:(1)既往有恶性肿瘤病史或本次为双原发肿瘤者;(2)初诊即有远处转移者;(3)孕妇或处于哺乳期者;(4)原发灶或淋巴结行手术治疗者(活检除外);(5)合并心、肝、肾等重要脏器功能障碍者。

1.2 治疗方法

TP组实施TP方案诱导化疗序贯同步放化疗治疗。TP治疗方案:白蛋白紫杉醇(75 mg·m-2·d-1,第1天)和顺铂(75 mg·m-2·d-1,第1天),21 d为1个治疗周期,共治疗2个或3个周期。同步放化疗中的放疗方案:调强放射治疗(Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy,IMRT),采用6MV X射线直线加速器进行。放疗前先采用CT扫描仪明确病变情况,再勾画治疗靶区并设定处方剂量如下:鼻咽部大体肿瘤体积(Gross Tumor Volume of the nasopharynx,GTVnx)为66-76 Gy/33 F,颈部转移淋巴结大体肿瘤体积(Gross Tumor Volume of the positive neck lymph nodes,GTVnd)为66-70 Gy/33 F,临床靶区1(Clinical Target Volume 1,CTV1)为60-66 Gy/33 F,临床靶区2(Clinical Target Volume 2,CTV2)为54-60 Gy/33 F。分割剂量为1.8-2.2 Gy,每天1次,每周5 d。此外,在GTV和CTV的基础上分别增加3 mm为计划靶区(Planning Target Volume,PTV)。同步放化疗中的化疗方案:顺铂累积剂量为200 mg·m-2。TP联合PD-1单抗组:患者接受PD-1单抗(200 mg·d-1,第1天),PD-1单抗为卡瑞利珠单抗或信迪利单抗,21 d为一个治疗周期,其余治疗方案与TP组一致。

1.3 观察指标及评价标准

从患者治疗开始至随访结束,收集患者相关临床资料并比较两组患者的临床疗效及不良反应发生率。(1)近期疗效:诱导化疗和同步放化疗治疗结束后,参照实体肿瘤的疗效评价标准1.1(Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours 1.1,RECIST 1.1)[9]评估患者近期疗效。评价等级包括完全缓解(Complete Response,CR),即所有的靶病灶消失,病理性淋巴结短径 < 10 mm,维持时间≥4周;部分缓解(Partial Response,PR),即病灶最大径之和缩减≥30%,维持时间≥4周;疾病稳定(Stable Disease,SD),即病灶最大径之和缩减 < 30%或增大 < 20%;疾病进展(Progressive Disease,PD),即病灶最大径之和增大≥20%且其绝对值增加超过5 mm,或出现新病灶。客观缓解率(ORR)为CR率和PR率之和。(2)不良反应:不同组间治疗的相关副反应根据常见不良事件评价标准(Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 4.0,CTCAE 4.0)[10]和美国肿瘤放射治疗协作组织(Radiation Therapy Oncology Group,RTOG)[11]细则进行评估。

1.4 随访

自每例患者治疗第1天起开始随访,随访方式为患者门诊复查、电话复查及住院复查等。随访内容包括血常规、血生化、EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus)DNA、鼻咽+颈部核磁共振,对具有骨转移可能的患者进行骨显像检查,对怀疑有肺或肝转移的患者可行胸腹部CT增强检查。

1.5 统计学方法

使用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行数据处理。计量资料用均数±标准差描述,组间、组内比较采用t检验;计数资料用频数和率(%)描述,比较采用χ2检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果与分析 2.1 近期疗效

所有患者的一般基线资料见表 1,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。在诱导化疗结束后一周内以及诱导化疗联合同步放化疗治疗结束后3个月分别对患者的鼻咽部及颈部淋巴结治疗情况进行全面评估。评估结果(表 2)表明,诱导化疗结束后,TP治疗组的ORR为75.4%(49/65),TP联合PD-1单抗治疗组的ORR为88.4%(38/43)。TP联合PD-1单抗组ORR虽有增加,但差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.019,P=0.155)。同步放化疗结束后,TP治疗组ORR为80.0%(52/65),TP联合PD-1单抗治疗组ORR为90.7%(39/43),TP联合PD-1单抗治疗组ORR有增加,但差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.233,P=0.135);TP联合PD-1单抗组CR率较TP组显著增加(65.1% vs.40.0%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.04)。

表 1 两组患者基线资料比较 Table 1 Comparison of baseline data between the two groups of patients
变量
Variable
TP组(n=65)
TP group (n=65)
TP+PD-1单抗组(n=43)
TP plus anti-PD-1 group (n=43)
P
P value
Age 0.816
>45 39 (60.0%) 24 (55.8%)
≤45 26 (40.0%) 19 (44.2%)
Gender 0.407
Female 26 (40.0%) 13 (30.2%)
Male 39 (60.0%) 30 (69.8%)
Smoke 1
No 48 (73.8%) 32 (74.4%)
Yes 17 (26.2%) 11 (25.6%)
Drink 0.519
No 53 (81.5%) 32 (74.4%)
Yes 12 (18.5%) 11 (25.6%)
EBV-DNA 0.53
>4.0E+02 copies/mL 37 (56.9%) 21 (48.8%)
≤4.0E+02 copies/mL 28 (43.1%) 22 (51.2%)
Tumor classification 0.948
T2 15 (23.1%) 9 (20.9%)
T3 29 (44.6%) 19 (44.2%)
T4 21 (32.3%) 15 (34.9%)
Nodal classification 0.28
N0 1 (1.54%) 1 (2.3%)
N1 28 (43.1%) 11 (25.6%)
N2 25 (38.5%) 21 (48.8%)
N3 11(16.9%) 10 (23.3%)
Clinical stage 0.696
37 (56.9%) 22 (51.2%)
ⅣA 28 (43.1%) 21 (48.8%)
WHO pathological type 0.533
3 (4.6%) 4 (9.3%)
60 (92.3%) 37 (86.0%)
2 (3.2%) 2 (4.8%)
Cycles of induction chemotherapy 0.710
2 cycles 4 (6.3%) 4 (9.3%)
3 cycles 61 (93.8%) 39 (90.7%)
Cycles of concurrent chemotherapy 0.677
1 cycle 1 (1.5%) 2 (4.8%)
2 cycles 5 (7.8%) 3 (7.1%)
3 cycles 59 (90.8%) 38 (88.4%)

表 2 两组患者近期疗效比较 Table 2 Comparison of short-term efficacy between the two groups of patients
组别
Group
n CR PR SD PD ORR
Induction chemotherapy
TP group 65 13(20.0%) 36(55.4%) 9(13.8%) 7(10.8%) 49(75.4%)
TP plus anti-PD-1 group 43 11(25.6%) 27(62.8%) 4(9.3%) 1(2.3%) 38(88.4%)
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy
TP group 65 26(40.0%) 26(40.0%) 12(18.5%) 1(1.5%) 52(80.0%)
TP plus anti-PD-1 group 43 28(65.1%) 11(25.6%) 3(7.0%) 1(2.3%) 39(90.7%)

2.2 不良反应

两组患者在治疗期间及治疗结束至随访结束两个阶段均未出现致死性不良反应,能较好耐受全部治疗方案,具体结果见表 3。TP联合PD-1单抗治疗组白细胞减少(86.04% vs.76.92%,P=0.033)、淋巴细胞减少(83.72% vs.56.92%,P=0.015)和免疫相关不良反应肺炎(72.09% vs.43.08%,P=0.016)发生率显著高于TP组,差异具有统计学意义。在治疗过程中,TP组最常见的3-4级不良反应是淋巴细胞减少(15.4%),其次是白细胞减少(13.9%);TP联合PD-1单抗治疗组最常见的3-4级不良反应是白细胞减少和淋巴细胞减少(均为16.3%)。两组治疗方案的其他不良反应比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

表 3 两组患者不良反应比较 Table 3 Comparison of adverse reactions between the two groups of patients
不良反应
Adverse reaction
TP组(n=65)
TP group (n=65)
TP+PD-1单抗组(n=43)
TP plus anti-PD-1 group (n=43)
χ2 P
P value
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Leukopenia 15 27 14 6 3 6 9 21 5 2 10.502 0.033*
Neutropenia 19 28 10 5 3 15 16 8 3 1 1.027 0.906
Thrombocytopenia 37 20 4 3 1 27 7 5 3 1 3.601 0.463
Lymphopenia 28 15 12 7 3 7 10 19 6 1 12.286 0.015*
Anemia 26 20 16 3 0 19 16 5 3 0 3.085 0.379
Transaminases elevated 26 23 12 3 1 21 13 6 3 0 2.260 0.688
Total bilirubin elevated 30 17 15 3 0 18 13 9 2 1 2.158 0.707
Diarrhea 13 31 16 5 0 11 15 14 3 0 1.976 0.579
Rash 15 24 23 3 0 11 14 15 3 0 2.811 0.390
Radiation dermatitis 19 28 13 5 0 8 17 15 3 0 3.439 0.328
Pneumonia 37 16 9 3 0 12 21 9 1 0 10.380 0.016*
Note: * means statistically significant.

3 讨论

鼻咽癌的解剖位置特殊、毗邻关系复杂且对放疗敏感,故治疗手段是以放疗为主的综合治疗。Lin等[12]证实由于在使用同步放化疗技术的情况下仍有26.2%的局部晚期患者发生局部复发或远处转移,因此寻找局部晚期鼻咽癌患者有效的治疗方案,对延长患者的生存时间至关重要。2016年马骏教授团队[13]Ⅲ期研究结果显示,相比于同步放化疗组,TPF方案诱导化疗联合同步放化疗治疗组显著提高了总生存率(3年总生存率由86%增至92%,P=0.029)和治疗成功率(3年无进展生存率由72%增至80%,P=0.034)。但在诱导化疗不良反应方面,局部晚期高危鼻咽癌病人接受TP方案后3-4级白细胞减少、中性粒细胞减少、腹泻等不良反应发生率显著低于TPF组。TP方案在保证疗效的同时有效减轻了毒副反应。

免疫检查点抑制剂通过重新激活T细胞从而增强肿瘤特异性T细胞的杀伤作用,已在对非小细胞肺癌、恶性黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤等多种实体瘤的治疗中获批使用[14-16]。近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂在对晚期头颈部鳞癌和复发/转移性、局部晚期鼻咽癌的治疗过程中也取得了不错的疗效。鼻咽癌患者大部分呈EB病毒阳性,肿瘤突变负荷高,50%-80%的鼻咽癌组织和动物模型上表达PD-L1[17, 18],且有研究表明放疗和化疗后可以上调PD-L1的表达,放化疗后鼻咽癌的复发和转移可能与PD-1/PD-L1通路激活相关[19]。联合PD-1单抗免疫检查点抑制剂治疗鼻咽癌有望延长局部晚期鼻咽癌患者的长期生存时间。

本研究首次比较了局部晚期鼻咽癌接受TP诱导化疗方案加或不加PD-1单抗的安全性和有效性,为鼻咽癌免疫治疗的临床试验方案设计和实施提供了参考。本研究结果表明,诱导化疗后,虽然TP组和TP+PD-1单抗治疗组的CR率相差不大,但联合疗法能使ORR增加(88.4% vs.75.4%,P>0.05),尽管差异没有统计学意义。比较两组患者接受同步放化疗后的近期治疗效果,联合疗法使CR率显著增加(65.1% vs.40.0%, P=0.04),ORR率略微增加(90.7% vs.80.0%, P>0.05)。Lv等[20]评估PD-1单抗单药,GP方案诱导化疗,联合方案治疗晚期鼻咽癌的安全性和有效性的报告指出,GP治疗组和PD-1单抗联合GP治疗组的CR率相似,PD-1单抗单一疗法仅能使少部分患者受益,对CR率的提高有限(0-2%),因此目前并不推荐PD-1单抗的单独使用。但与GP组相比,PD-1单抗+GP组合疗法(n=23)可大幅提高复发/转移性鼻咽癌患者的ORR(64.1% vs.90.9%)。综上,免疫抑制剂与化疗联用的治疗方案可将鼻咽癌患者的客观缓解转变为完全缓解,从而可能为患者生存带来益处。Mai等[7]关于特瑞普利单抗(Toripalimab)或安慰剂联合GP治疗晚期鼻咽癌的Ⅲ期研究指出,特瑞普利单抗组和安慰剂组的中位无进展生存期为11.7月vs.8.0月,1年无进展生存率49% vs.28%,危险比(HR)=0.52(95%置信区间: 0.36-0.74), P=0.000 3。Yang等[21]关于卡瑞利珠单抗或安慰剂联合GP方案治疗晚期鼻咽癌的多中心前瞻性Ⅲ期研究结果显示,与安慰剂组相比,卡瑞利珠单抗组中位无进展生存期显著延长(9.7月vs.6.9月,P=0.000 2)。以上研究证明了PD-1单抗联合诱导化疗能够延长患者生存期。虽然联合疗法组患者较TP组患者更容易发生白细胞减少、淋巴细胞减少和肺炎的不良反应,但均在患者的耐受范围内。

目前广泛应用于临床的免疫治疗仍存在以下问题。(1)多项研究表明,PD-1单抗单药治疗的疗效相对有限,需与放疗、化疗或靶向治疗联合进行才能更好地控制肿瘤,因此仍需探索一种在可控的安全范围内达到最佳疗效的联合治疗模式。(2)如何从病人中准确高效地筛查出免疫治疗优势人群是拟解决的一大难题。有研究指出PD-L1阳性的RM-NPC患者比阴性患者的ORR率更高[4],且PD-L1高表达与RM-NPC患者良好预后相关[22]。因此还需寻找可靠的生物标志物来进行准确高效的筛查。(3)放疗对于机体免疫系统来说是把双刃剑,其虽然可以激活机体的免疫系统,但是会引起免疫抑制。因此,探索合适的放疗分割模式和放疗剂量以达到使放疗联合免疫治疗效果最大化的目的极为重要[23]

4 结论

TP联合PD-1单抗治疗方案序贯同步放化疗治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌近期疗效略高于TP诱导化疗组,但差异无统计学意义。TP联合PD-1单抗治疗组白细胞减少、淋巴细胞减少和肺炎的发生率显著高于TP组,但处于安全可控的范围。本研究为单中心、小样本的回顾性研究,今后尚需开展多中心、更大样本的前瞻性临床试验,进一步为治疗方案的有效性提供佐证。

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