低容量性自体储血在肝癌切除患者术中的临床观察
马相飞1, 黄家珍2, 明少鹏1, 黄冰2, 杜学柯1,2, 秦科1     
1. 广西医科大学第二附属医院麻醉科,广西南宁 530007;
2. 广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院麻醉科,广西南宁 530021
摘要: 本研究拟探讨在肝癌肝部分切除术中应用低容量性自体储血对失血和输血的影响及其安全可靠性。选取择期行开腹肝癌肝脏部分切除术的患者80例,随机分为对照组(C组)和观察组(H组):H组在开腹后切除肝实质前缓慢采集占体重0.7%的全血,同时限制输液维持采血后的中心静脉压(Central Venous Pressure,CVP)在目标范围内直至肝实质切除完毕,再回输自体血;C组未实行采血。记录术中手术和麻醉情况、术后重要脏器功能、术后并发症以及住院时间等情况。结果显示,H组患者低容量性自体储血的采血量平均数是450 mL,低容量性自体储血后CVP平均降低2.27 cmH2O,H组的出血量比C组低(P<0.05)。两组术中心率(Heart Rate,HR)、平均动脉压(Mean Arterial Pressure,MAP)、总住院时间、术后住院时间和术后并发症均无明显差异(P>0.05)。所有患者在院内均未出现严重并发症。在肝癌肝脏部分切除术中实行低容量性自体储血能有效降低CVP,减少出血量和异体血的输注,未出现明显并发症,安全可靠性良好。
关键词: 肝癌    低容量性自体储血    肝切除术    出血量    输血    安全可靠性    
Clinical Observation of Hypovolemic Phlebotomy in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Resection
MA Xiangfei1, HUANG Jiazhen2, MING Shaopeng1, HUANG Bing2, DU Xueke1,2, QIN Ke1     
1. Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China;
2. Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
Abstract: This study intends to investigate the effect of Hypovolemic Phlebotomy (HP) on blood loss and blood transfusion in partial hepatectomy for liver cancer and its safety and reliability. 80 patients with liver cancer undergoing partial hepatectomy were randomly divided into the control group (group C) and observation group (group H). The patients in group H were slowly collected 0.7% of the weight of whole blood before liver parenchymal resection. Meanwhile the infusion was limited to maintain the Central Venous Pressure (CVP) within the target range until liver parenchymal resection was completed. The autologous blood transfusion was performed after liver parenchymal resection. Blood sampling was not performed in group C. The intra-operative surgery and anesthesia, the function of important organ after operation, postoperative complications and hospitalization time were recorded. The results showed that the average volume of HP in group H was 450 mL, and the average CVP decreased by 2.27 cmH2O after hypovolemic phlebotomy. The amount of bleeding in group H was lower than that in group C (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in intra-operative Heart Rate (HR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), total hospitalization time, postoperative hospitalization time and postoperative complications between the two groups (P > 0.05). No serious complications occurred in all patients in hospital. In partial hepatectomy of hepatocellular carcinoma, HP can reduce CVP, and then reduce blood loss and allogenic blood transfusion, without obvious complications. HP has good safety and reliability.
Key words: hepatic carcinoma    hypovolemic phlebotomy    hepatectomy    hemorrhage volume    transfusion    reliability    

目前肝癌治疗手段多样化,但手术仍是肝癌首选的治疗方法[1]。由于肝脏结构复杂,术中大出血是手术治疗的重大危险因素之一[2],而相应的输血需求也会增加。有研究表明,输注异体血引起不良反应和预后的风险会大大增加[3, 4]。控制术中出血和输血是肝切除术中关注的重点[5-7]。低容量性自体储血(Hypovolemic Phlebotomy,HP)是一种新颖的干预手段,有研究表明HP与肝切除术中出血量和异体血输注的减少密切相关[8-10],但其安全性和有效性仍待研究。本研究通过观察在肝癌肝脏部分切除术中应用HP对出血和输血的影响及其安全可靠性,为临床提供依据。

1 临床资料和方法 1.1 一般资料

本研究获得广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院人类科学伦理委员会的同意批准(批准号:KY2018004),所有患者或家属已签署知情同意书,并在中国临床试验注册中心注册成功,注册号为ChiCTR180001734。选取2018年7月至2019年1月行开腹肝癌肝部分切除术的患者80例,年龄28-65岁,体质指数(Body Mass Index,BMI) 18-25 kg/m2,美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级,按照随机数字表法分成观察组(H组)和对照组(C组),H组40人,C组40人。纳入标准:术前诊断肝癌以及术后证实为肝癌;ASAⅠ、Ⅱ级;心功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ级;无严重慢性疾病;术前心、肝、肾、凝血功能无明显异常;术前血红蛋白110 g/L以上。排除标准:有凝血功能障碍或近期使用抗凝药物;二次肝癌手术者、术前已行放化疗治疗者;术中使用血管活性药物难以维持平均动脉压(Mean Arterial Pressure,MAP)≥60 mmHg者;临时改变手术方式;无法测量中心静脉压(Central Venous Pressure, CVP)者;数据记录不完整者。病例的具体纳入流程如图 1所示。

图 1 病例纳入流程图 Fig. 1 Flow chart of case inclusion

1.2 方法

入室后给予患者心率(Heart Rate,HR)、血氧饱和度(Blood Oxygen Saturation,SPO2)、脑电双频指数(Bispectral Index,BIS)监护,开放颈内静脉及桡动脉。麻醉后,H组在开腹后切除肝实质前,根据体重计算采血量,采用微电脑采液控制器从桡动脉置管中精准缓慢采集占体重0.7%的全血,同时限制输液,不给予其他液体替代,以维持采血后的CVP在目标范围直至肝实质切除完毕。采集的血液储存在专用的血液采集袋。当肝癌组织切除完毕,即可开始液体复苏,同时回输血液,若出现血红蛋白≤70 g/L,先补液再回输自体血,若未改善再输注异体血。C组为对照组,不实行术中采血并常规输液,术中监测记录中心静脉压。

1.3 监测时点和指标

记录麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后(T1)、开始采血时(T2)、采血完成时(T3)、开始切除肝脏前(T4)、肝癌切除并止血完成时(T5)、手术完成时(T6)的CVP、HR、MAP。记录术中出血量、采血量、手术前后血红蛋白(Hemoglobin,HBG)差值(△HBG)以及其他手术麻醉相关情况、一般资料。记录术前、术后第7天(T7)的肝功能[总胆红素(Total Bilirubin,TBIL)、直接胆红素(Direct Bilirubin,DBIL)、间接胆红素(Indirect Bilirubin,IBIL)、丙氨酸氨基转换酶(Alanine Aminotransferase,ALT)、门冬氨酸氨基转换酶(Aspartate Aminotransferase,AST)、白蛋白(Albumin,ALB)]、肾功能[尿素氮(Blood Urea Nitrogen,BUN)、肌酐(Creatinine,Cr)、肾小球滤过率(Glomerular Filtration Rate,GFR)],凝血功能[凝血酶原时间(Prothrombin Time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time,APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fibrinogen,FIB)、D-二聚体(D-dimer,DD)]、术后院内并发症、入住ICU时间、总住院时间以及术后住院时间。

1.4 统计学分析

应用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计学分析。对计量资料进行正态性检验,符合正态分布的资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用两独立样本t检验;非正态分布的资料用中位数[四分位数,M(Q1Q3)]表示,两组间比较采用两独立样本的Wilcoxon秩和检验,统计值为z值;计数资料采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果与分析 2.1 两组患者的资料比较

两组患者的一般资料(性别、年龄、身高、体重、体质指数)、手术麻醉相关资料(肝肿瘤位置、Child-pugh评分、ASA分级、丙泊酚、瑞芬、芬太尼、手术时间、输液量、尿量、△乳酸)比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05,表 1),结果提示临床观察过程中能够排除患者自身因素和手术麻醉因素对观察因素的影响。

表 1 两组患者一般资料、手术麻醉相关资料的比较 Table 1 Comparison of general data and surgical anesthesia data between the two groups of patients
项目
Items
C组(n=36)
C group (n=36)
H组(n=39)
H group (n=39)
t/z/χ2
t/z/χ2 value
P
P value
Gender (male/female) 28/8 37/2 3.370 0.060
Age (years) 51.22±9.75 48.56±10.16 0.514 0.252
Height (cm) 164.47±7.49 166.85±6.08 2.091 0.135
Weight (kg) 58.28±10.13 62.26±10.13 0.200 0.093
BMI (kg/m2) 21.33±2.88 22.31±3.03 0.967 0.156
Location of liver tumor (left/right/other) 8/26/2 11/25/3 0.574 0.750
Child-pugh scores 5.00(5.00,6.00) 5.00(5.00,5.00) -0.898 0.369
ASA classification (Ⅰ/Ⅱ) 21/15 24/15 0.080 0.777
Propofol (mg) 1 218.06±373.12 1 286.26±422.08 0.155 0.462
Remifentanil (μg) 1 412.50±553.86 1 466.92±434.90 5.138 0.639
Fentanyl (mg) 500.00(450.00,500.00) 500.00(450.00,500.00) -0.711 0.477
Operative time (min) 220.89±68.16 208.08±56.07 0.638 0.375
Fluid infusion volume (mL) 2 487.50±880.93 2 135.90±672.67 2.070 0.053
Urinary volume (mL) 354.86±231.68 267.18±163.06 6.200 0.060
△Lactate -0.27±0.84 -0.31±0.89 0.091 0.863
Note: △Lactate=lactate before anesthesia-lactate at the end of surgery

2.2 两组患者术中CVP的比较

T2、T3时点H组的CVP平均降低2.27 cmH2O,即HP后CVP明显降低,提示HP能够有效降低CVP。T4、T5时点H组的CVP低于C组(P<0.01,表 2),说明在肝癌组织切除期间HP能够维持患者的CVP在一个较低的水平。

表 2 两组患者术中CVP的比较 Table 2 Comparison of intraoperative CVP between the two groups of patients
时点
Point in time
C组(n=36)
C group (n=36)
H组(n=39)
H group (n=39)
t
t value
P
P value
T0 6.63±2.64 7.20±2.36 0.216 0.327
T1 7.02±3.12 6.61±2.24 2.427 0.520
T2 7.67±2.59
T3 5.40±2.43
T4 7.68±2.83 4.80±2.21 1.671 0.000
T5 7.99±2.53 5.42±2.22 0.744 0.000
T6 9.11±2.46 9.75±2.88 0.654 0.306

2.3 两组患者出血和输血相关的比较

C组平均出血量为300 mL,H组平均出血量为200 mL,H组出血量低于C组(P<0.05),HP能够降低患者术中出血量,C组有3例异体输血,而H组无异体输血,可能与自体血储存有关(表 3)。

表 3 两组患者出血和输血相关的比较 Table 3 Comparison of patients with bleeding and transfusion between the two groups of patients
项目
Items
C组(n=36)
C group (n =36)
H组(n =39)
H group (n =39)
t/z/χ2
t/z/χ2 value
P
P value
Bleeding volume (mL) 300(200,400) 200(150,300) -2.371 0.018
△HBG (g/L) 15.39±10.29 15.59±10.71 0.092 0.934
△CVP (cmH2O) 2.27±1.64
HP collect-blood volume (mL) 450
Intraoperative transfusion of allogeneic blood (case) 3 0 3.385 0.066
Note: △CVP=CVP before blood collection-CVP after blood collection;△HBG=preoperative hemoglobin-postoperative day hemoglobin

2.4 两组患者术中HR、MAP的比较

与C组相比,H组患者术中各时间点HR、MAP无明显改变(P>0.05,表 4),由此可见HP对患者术中血流动力学无明显影响,说明HP后患者术中血流动力比较平稳。

表 4 两组患者术中HR、MAP的比较 Table 4 Comparison of intraoperative HR and MAP between the two groups of patients
项目
Items
时点
Point in time
C组(n=36)
C group (n=36)
H组(n=39)
H group (n=39)
t
t value
P
P value
HR T0 74.92±11.73 72.26±11.82 0.627 0.332
T1 70.61±11.42 67.15±10.57 0.661 0.178
T4 78.25±12.68 72.38±10.94 0.051 0.219
T5 74.86±10.49 78.90±8.22 2.370 0.067
T6 70.33±8.32 71.77±10.05 0.496 0.505
MAP T0 94.19±8.27 96.92±7.63 0.140 0.142
T1 78.78±12.75 74.46±13.86 0.996 0.825
T4 87.42±10.92 98.08±14.60 0.595 0.227
T5 82.82±8.20 85.69±9.64 0.625 0.079
T6 85.89±9.46 89.36±8.42 0.843 0.097

2.5 两组患者术前术后重要脏器功能的比较

两组间术前、术后第7天时点的肝功能、肾功能、凝血功能、血小板比较无统计学差异(P>0.05,表 5),说明HP对患者术后重要脏器功能未产生明显的影响。

表 5 两组患者术前术后重要脏器功能的比较 Table 5 Comparison of preoperative and postoperative important organ function between the two groups of patients
项目
Items
时间
Time
C组(n=36)
C group (n=36)
H组(n=39)
H group (n=39)
t
t value
P
P value
TBIL Preoperation 17.26±7.82 16.10±6.37 1.001 0.478
7 d postoperatively 27.22±13.54 22.90±9.79 3.024 0.115
IBIL Preoperation 11.05±5.79 9.48±3.48 3.113 0.156
7 d postoperatively 14.28±8.17 11.55±6.21 2.005 0.107
DBIL Preoperation 7.94±5.39 6.03±2.60 7.671 0.060
7 d postoperatively 13.69±6.83 11.73±8.85 0.109 0.289
ALB Preoperation 35.54±3.25 36.85±5.07 0.453 0.195
7 d postoperatively 30.45±2.90 31.73±3.44 1.321 0.087
AST Preoperation 66.40±50.12 53.82±38.04 1.220 0.223
7 d postoperatively 63.97±29.06 53.36±19.90 7.712 0.072
ALT Preoperation 74.76±79.62 56.67±44.37 3.672 0.226
7 d postoperatively 106.31±86.92 104.13±60.41 1.723 0.899
CR Preoperation 74.86±16.08 81.44±14.04 2.726 0.063
7 d postoperatively 69.75±18.75 73.15±19.45 0.258 0.444
BUN Preoperation 4.92±1.44 5.16±1.38 0.019 0.464
7 d postoperatively 4.70±2.69 4.46±1.58 5.306 0.639
GFR Preoperation 87.72±28.89 82.36±19.80 2.014 0.559
7 d postoperatively 97.67±20.40 103.22±25.82 0.454 0.343
PLT Preoperation 200.36±83.29 197.41±25.82 0.247 0.865
7 d postoperatively 213.47±107.22 207.13±73.77 3.860 0.765
PT Preoperation 12.3±1.28 11.87±0.95 4.700 0.097
7 d postoperatively 13.41±1.70 12.84±1.21 4.845 0.094
APTT Preoperation 27.52±4.54 25.87±3.06 5.868 0.067
7 d postoperatively 30.46±7.13 29.21±10.07 0.094 0.541
FIB Preoperation 2.97±1.02 2.72±0.76 4.340 0.219
DD 7 d postoperatively 2.44±1.56 3.08±1.32 0.001 0.059
D-dimer Preoperation 0.93±0.78 0.68±0.44 11.150 0.090
7 d postoperatively 7.38±2.79 7.55±4.09 5.554 0.819

2.6 两组患者的围术期情况比较

两组患者总住院时间、术后住院时间、二期缝合及术后胸腔积液情况的比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05,表 6),提示HP对患者术后短期恢复无不良影响。

表 6 两组患者的围术期情况比较 Table 6 Comparison of perioperative conditions between the two groups of patients
项目
Items
C组(n=36)
C group (n=36)
H组(n=39)
H group (n=39)
t/χ2
t/χ2 value
P
P value
Total hospital stay (d) 19.94±5.51 18.56±4.60 0.170 0.242
Postoperative hospital stay (d) 9.67±2.87 10.60±3.47 0.405 0.169
Secondary suture (case) 1 1 0.003 0.954
Postoperative pleural effusion (case) 0 1 0.936 0.333

3 讨论

Hashimoto等[11]于2007年在肝脏分离前放出了占体重0.7%的全血,使得出血量明显减少,首次引进了标准化HP的概念。与Hashimoto等[11]的观察结果一致,本研究观察到HP组出血量比对照组明显减少。Rekman等[12]选择了术前采血4.7-10 mL/kg,结合其他措施维持CVP < 5 cmH2O,发现术中失血量显著减少。本研究采用标准化HP,采集占体重0.7%的全血,HP后主要通过限制输液维持采血后的CVP在目标范围内直至肝癌切除并止血完成,并未全部要求CVP < 5 cmH2O。结果表明实行HP能有效减少术中出血。Ryckx等[13]回顾分析了100例肝移植病例,发现HP后可使CVP下降,术中出血量可降低至165 mL。本研究发现HP后CVP平均降低2.27 cmH2O,且T4、T5时点H组的CVP比C组显著降低,即整个肝实质切除过程,H组的CVP维持在一个较低的状态,这也是实行HP能有效减少术中出血的原因。

术中出血过多的必然结果是术中或术后输血量的增加。而肝癌肝切除术相关的病例回顾分析发现,影响患者预后的独立危险因素包含术中或术后输血[14-16]。Al Khaldi等[9]和Park等[8]研究发现HP与肝脏手术患者输血减少有关,本研究也发现H组无异体输血的病例,可能与切肝前行HP减少术中出血相关,同时储备自体血有利于降低输注异体血的风险。而自体血的储备和回输是血液保护的关键所在[17],故HP有利于血液保护。

区别于急性等容量血液稀释[18]、急性高容量血液稀释[19]两种血液保护方法,HP的特点是放出自身血液后不使用其他液体替代,直至切除肝实质完毕后再回输自体血液。肝脏手术出血主要在于切除肝实质的过程,本研究选择麻醉开腹后在切除肝实质前进行采血,目的是减少血流动力学波动的时间。当急性失血不足全身血容量的15%时[20],机体可通过自身代偿。按照体重的0.7%实行HP,并未超出血容量的15%。虽然C组有1例、H组有2例患者使用了去甲肾上腺素,但是术中生命体征较为平稳,H组39例患者均在安全可控的条件下顺利完成手术,说明HP在短时间内不会导致血流动力学的剧烈波动。

有关HP的争议是低血容量是否容易导致脏器灌注不足,增加术后并发症。Ryckx等[13]只提到HP后对肾功能无明显影响。本研究追踪了肝功能、肾功能、凝血功能、血小板多个脏器和系统情况,所有患者在住院期间未发生上述重要脏器功能衰竭。与术前相比,HP未增加对终末器官脏器的损伤。两组术后情况无明显差异,说明HP术后未引起严重并发症,对患者术后康复未产生不良影响。

本研究也存在局限。首先是样本例数过少,虽然样本量少,但是研究前期查阅有关肝癌肝切除术的临床观察研究[21-23]所选取的样本量小也能得到有意义的结论;其次是没有严格控制CVP低于5 cmH2O,但是我们发现H组的CVP均维持在一个较低的水平,能够有效减少术中失血,因此并不一定要严格控制CVP低于5 cmH2O,应结合实际情况进行操作。

4 结论

综上所述,HP在肝癌肝部分切除术中可以降低中心静脉压进而减少术中出血量,自体血回输减少了输注异体血相关的风险;HP后,术中及术后无严重并发症发生,对重要脏器功能无明显损伤。该技术的应用是安全可靠的,故推荐在肝癌肝部分切除术中使用HP以减少术中出血量和异体血的输注。

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